Education（教育篇）

PARTICIPLES

分詞

Participles are used to create complex verb forms, to express ideas such as "I will have read" or "The wine has been drunk".

分詞使用在制造復(fù)雜的動詞形式的時候，來表達(dá)例如“I will have read（我將會閱讀）”或者“the wine has been drunk （紅酒已經(jīng)被喝掉了）”的想法

Participles are formed from verbs.

分詞成形于動詞

There are two categories of participles: active and passive.
分詞有兩種：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)

Each category has present, future and past tenses.
每種語態(tài)皆有三種時態(tài)：過去，現(xiàn)在，將來

Notice that the vowels "i", "a" and "o" are the same ones used for past, present and future verb endings.
注意：元音字母a，i，o是和使用在動詞過去式，現(xiàn)在時，將來時的一樣

Active participles
主動語態(tài)

The present active participle is used for the English -ing ending: doing,seeing, believing, etc.
現(xiàn)在時的主動語態(tài)

Unlike English, though, the active participle in Esperanto also has past and future variants:
盡管不像英語，世界語里面的主動語態(tài)也是有過去時和將來時的轉(zhuǎn)化

For example:

Passive participles
被動語態(tài)
Let's look at these two English sentences:
我們來看看這兩個英語句子：
The owl ate the mouse.
貓頭鷹在吃老鼠      
The mouse was eaten by the owl.
老鼠被貓頭鷹吃
They both say the same thing, but in the second sentence the mouse becomes the focus of interest, and also the subject of the verb, instead of the owl.
這兩句話都在表達(dá)同一個意思，但是在第二句中，老鼠成為了關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)，也是代替了貓頭鷹的動詞主語
To use the correct grammatical terms, the first sentence has an active verb, "ate", and the second verb has a passive verb "was eaten".
使用語法術(shù)語來說，第一個句子有個主動語態(tài)動詞：ate，第二句是被動語態(tài)動詞：was eaten

Here are examples of the use of passive participles:

下面是使用被動語態(tài)分詞的例子

分詞看起來像形容詞
Participles end in -a like adjectives. In fact, they are used in the same way as adjectives, which means that they agree in number and case with the noun that they belong to:
分詞以-a結(jié)尾，這和形容詞很像。事實上，分詞的使用方法和形容詞的一樣。這意味著他們在數(shù)的形式上和語境中和它們所修飾的名詞保持一致。

Mi estas skribanta. = I am (in the process of) writing.
我在寫東西
Ni estas skribantaj. = We are (in the process of) writing.
我們在寫東西
La libro estas legita. = The book (literally: is having been read)has been read.
這本書被讀過了
La libroj estas legitaj. = The books (literally: are having beenread) have been read.
這些書被讀過了

Mi vidis kurantan viron. = I saw a man (in the process of) running /I saw a running man.  
我看到一個在跑步的男人

Mi trovis du rompitajn po?telefonojn. = I found two mobile phones(literally: having been broken) that had been broken / I found two broken mobile phones.
我發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個壞掉的手機(jī)

More about participles

更多關(guān)于分詞的信息

Participles can be combined with past, present and future tenses of esti :
分詞可以和esti的過去時，現(xiàn)在時和將來時組合在一起

Examples with an active participle:
主動語態(tài)分詞的例子

Li estas leganta la libron
He is (in the process of) reading the book.
他正在看書

Li estos leginta la libron.
(literally: He will be having read the book)
He will have read the book.
之后他正在看書

Li estas leginta la libron.
(literally: He is having read the book.)                   He has read (has finished reading) the book.     他讀過這本書（已經(jīng)讀完）

Li estis leginta la libron.
(literally: He was having read the book)
He had read the book.
他讀過這本書

Examples with a passive participle:
被動語態(tài)分詞的例子

La libro estos legita.
(literally: The book will be having been read.)
The book will have been read.
書將會被閱讀

La libro estas legita.
(literally: The book is having been read.)
The book has been read.
書正在被閱讀

La libro estis legita.
(literally: The book was having been read.)
The book had been read.
書已經(jīng)被閱讀

[Note: the "literal" translations above are presented as an aid to understanding and using participles; they are not colloquial English and are not acceptable translations of Esperanto sentences in this course].
注意：上面的英文只是幫助你理解和使用這些分詞而已，它們并不是英語的口語，而且也不會被本課的句子翻譯接受為正確答案

Participles + -o ending
分詞+o結(jié)尾
An o-ending on a participle generally signifies a person:
在分詞后面加-o詞尾通常表示人：

la leganto - the reader（讀者）
la skribanto - the writer  （作者）                                      
lagvidonto - the future guide（未來向?qū)В?br/>la elektito - the one who got elected（當(dāng)選者）
la konato - the one who is known, the acquaintance（熟人）

la can take the place of possessive pronouns   la可以代替物主代詞

When talking about relatives, parts of one's body, a piece of one's clothing, an intimate possession, etc, la can take the place of a possessive pronoun; this usage is understood in the appropriate context—for example:
當(dāng)談及到親屬，某人身體的一部分，某個人的一件衣服，一件不可侵犯的財產(chǎn)等，la能夠代替物主代詞，這種用法是在理解上下文的時候使用的。

La bebo imitas la gefratojn.
The baby imitates [his/her/its] siblings.
那個嬰兒模仿他的父母

?i vizitos la patrinon diman?e.
She will visit her mother on Sunday.
她將會在星期一看望她的母親

Mi perdis la koltukon.
I lost my scarf.
我弄丟了我的圍巾

Mi finfine trovis la okulvitrojn.
I finally found my glasses.
最終我找到了我的眼鏡

La kapo doloras al mi.
My head hurts.
我的頭受傷了

Lavu la manojn!
Wash your hands!
把你的手洗干凈！

原文：http://www.duolingo.cn/skill/eo/Education

翻譯：vanilo