排他因或排他果

Strengthen 3

The Minoan civilization flourished on the island of Crete around 2000 B.C. The discovery on Crete of large numbers of bronze implements and the furnaces used in their manufacture shows that the Minoans had a thriving bronze industry. Moreover, many bronze artifacts from this period that are similar in style to those produced on Crete have been found in southern Greece. Hence it is probable that, besides making bronzeware for domestic use, the Minoans exported bronzeware to southern Greece.

?

1. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument given?

B

A. Copper and tin, the main ingredients of bronze, were present in Southern Greece.?會(huì)削弱

B. No furnaces dating from the Minoan era and suitable for the manufacture of bronze implements have been found in southern Greece.

C. The Minoans exported a great deal of?pottery, which was highly valued by other ancient civilizations.?加入無(wú)關(guān)變量，出口陶器就能出口青銅？

D. The fuel needed for Minoan bronzeware furnaces was provided by a variety of local species of hardwood.?那出口跟這件事之間的關(guān)系呢？不能排除那里沒(méi)有可用木材的他因

E. Some of the pieces of bronzeware found on Crete were non-Minoan in origin.?無(wú)關(guān)，不管你有沒(méi)有其他的。

?否命題（其實(shí)也就是舉反例）

喝奶茶，胖了。

加強(qiáng)：沒(méi)喝奶茶，就沒(méi)胖。

Strengthen 4

The?thylacine, a slender, wolf-like predator, lived on mainland Australia until about 3,000 years ago. The thylacine disappeared from the mainland shortly after the?dingo, a kind of wild dog, was first brought to Australia. Dingoes flourished in Australia and preyed on many of the same animal species on which the thylacine relied. Thus, the introduction of the dingo probably caused the thylacine’s disappearance there.

論據(jù)=事實(shí)=原因=D引進(jìn)

論點(diǎn)=觀點(diǎn)=結(jié)果=T消失

排他果或者否命題

2. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

B

A. Dingoes also preyed on animal species that thylacines did not prey on 袋狼：那求你了，別老搞我

B. On the Australian island of Tasmania, which was never inhabited by dingoes, thylancines survived into the1900s?

C. The largest thylacines in Australia were much?larger?than dingoes 無(wú)關(guān)變量

D. Much of the dingo’s diet today consists of?animal species?that were not found in Australia 3000 years ago.?無(wú)關(guān)變量

E. Thylacines relied on their?stamina?rather than their speed to capture prey?無(wú)關(guān)變量

stamina?耐力

thylacine?袋狼

• /?θa?l?s?n/

dingo 澳洲野狗

?

補(bǔ)充新證據(jù)

Strengthen 6

Recently an unusually high number of dolphins have been found dead of infectious diseases, and most of these had abnormally high tissue concentrations of certain compounds that, even in low concentrations, reduce dolphins’ resistance to infection. The only source of these compounds in the dolphins’ environment is boat paint. Therefore, since dolphins rid their bodies of the compounds rapidly once exposure ceases, their mortality rate should decline rapidly if such boat paints are banned.

不用顏料→海豚死亡率降低

無(wú)他果

3. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

C

A. The levels of the compoundstypically used in boat paints today are lower than they were in boat paints manufactured a decade ago.?會(huì)削弱

B. In high concentrations, the compounds are toxic to?many types of marine animals.?無(wú)關(guān)

C. The compounds break down into harmless substances after a few months of exposure to water or air. 無(wú)他果，也可以認(rèn)為是補(bǔ)充新證據(jù)。

D. High tissue levels of the compounds have recently been found in some marine animals, but there is no record of any of those animals dying in unusually large numbers recently. 會(huì)削弱

E. The compounds do not leach out of the boat paint if the paint is?applied exactly?in accordance with the manufacturer’s directions.? 無(wú)關(guān)變量