口、筆譯的區(qū)別
media，process，circumstance，information intensity

口譯的要求

筆譯：英譯漢 500-600 words/h 漢譯英 300-400 words/h
口譯：4000 words/h

口譯的原則
Know everything of something, know something of everything.? 通才 & 專才
Knowledge | Thinking while listening | Expressiveness | Fluentness | Reflection

1. 傳訊不傳詞（message/idea/gist √ single word × ）The Words Between Lines
2. 時間分配的控制原則（ideal: equal time）
3. 詞序不變的順句驅(qū)動原則

口譯的標準
快準順（準：publicize vs. propaganda）?

?口譯聽辨? Listening Process of Interpreting

Intro
Interpreting is a Multi-task Process：
Listening-Memorizing-Processing-Delivering
1. Listening in interpreting is more complex and effort-consuming than listening comprehension exercises.
2. whole picture
3. Both the gist and the details of the material should be comprehended while listening.
4.The gist of meaning will facilitate memorizing and note-taking.
5. Listening for ideas, not words. 得意忘”形“

Gist Retelling Training

commissioner (委員會的)委員，專員，特派員; (政府部門的)首長，長官
plenary session 全體會議
take a stock of 鑒定; 估計; 統(tǒng)觀形勢
in the light of 根據(jù)，按照

Features

1. Immediacy：It only takes a few seconds to process the source language into target language.

2. Non-repeatability：It is impossible to ask the speaker to repeat all the time, or to pause and wait for the interpreter. (The meaning on the whole is more useful for later interpreting process.)

3. Complexity: The interpreting process is complex with multi-tasking and huge psychological pressure. (listen for the whole meaning)

Extract the meaning beyond each word. - Cluster a string of words into a meaningful unit.
Deverbalize: to extract the meaning and get the main idea.

Cluster the Meaning Units

1. Listen
Listen with full attention.
2. Grasp the key words
S+V+O
3. Paraphrase into the gist
The main idea.
4. Retell
It is okay to replace it with a synonym.

Strategy

Anticipation
Guess the meaning of the new words according to Liguistic Clues & Non-linguistic Clues
Liguistic Clues：context / clause / logical relations
Non-linguistic Clues：intonation / expression / body language
No panic / Ask questions / Fuzziness for a general meaning / No fabricating (Fidelity Rule)

accusation（accuse）
raise a cry 大聲疾呼
avert 避免
mitigate 減輕;緩和
SAD：seasonal affective disorder 季節(jié)性情感障礙 (秋冬兩季因白晝縮短而易發(fā)作的抑郁癥)
turbid（muddy, unclear）

聽力口語能力?。?！

【聽力：Dictation】

精聽練習（材料：盲聽能懂50%，不用太長時間，要專注，跪在堅持?。。。?/span>
1. 原速播放全文，速記筆記
2. 逐句精聽，聽寫
3. 原速播放，看文本，找沒聽懂的部分，弄清沒聽懂的原因
4. 逐句精聽，再次聽寫
5. 循環(huán)以上步驟直至聽出全文

【口語：Retell】

先輸入，再輸出！（選材: 感興趣的文章500-800 words，有適量生詞）
1. 精讀選文，查生詞，讀讀讀“有用的“表達
2. 背句式，背句子?。。〔灰澄恼拢ㄕZ境學習）
3. 用自己的語言 retell the passage （800字文章用500字做retelling）, 錄音反思
（聽歌同理）

Nothing is more harmful to the peaceful settlement of these disputes than his actions.
Nothing is more beneficial to the development of our country than economic development. (可嘗試仿寫練習)
The word is on the tip of my tongue.
I have his name on the tip of my tongue.