Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.?

Biologists have long debated about whether egg production in birds is biologically highly costly, some?theorizing that egg production is energetically or nutritionally demanding. Lack, however, suggested that clutch size?the number of eggs a bird lays per breeding cycle?is far below the potential limit of egg production. He suggested that clutch size instead evolved in relation to the number of young that the parents could successfully rear. Subsequently, most studies focused on limitations operating during chick rearing, particularly among altricial species (species in which the parents feed their young in the nest). Lack later recognized that in precocial species (species in which young feed themselves) clutch size might be explained by different factors?the availability of food for egg-laying females, for example.

1. The passage suggests that biologists who say egg production in birds is biologically highly?costly would agree that clutch size is determined primarily by?

A. the nutritional and energy demands of egg production

B. the number of young that the parents can rear successfully

C. reproductive limitations operating during chick rearing

D. the availability of food for newly hatched chicks

E. the differences between altricial and precocial species

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

2. The passage suggests that Lack would agree with which of the following statements about?factors affecting clutch size in birds?

A. In altricial species clutch size is determined primarily by factors operating after eggs are laid.

B. In precocial species, clutch size is determined primarily by factors operating after eggs are laid.

C. In many bird species, clutch size generally remains well below the potential limit of egg?production.

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage:

Studies comparing children's memory for television news stories with their recall of print versions?containing exactly the same verbal information generally show that television news is remembered best. Pavio's dual-coding hypothesis, a frequent explanation, suggests that audiovisual information is stored in memory as two separate but associated codes--one verbal and one visual—whereas text-only information is stored as a verbal code only. During recall, the visual-memory code serves as an extra retrieval cue, which could account for the superior recall of television stories.

However, the experiments show that learning is enhanced only by the addition of "redundant"?pictures, which convey the same basic meaning as the words. When pictures and words do not coincide, children do not remember more and sometimes remember less from television presentations than from purely verbal presentations. Theories based on the concept of "limited attentional capacity" posit that when verbal and visual information do not correspond, viewers' attentional capacity is exceeded and part of the information is lost. In the case of nonredundant audiovisual information, viewers tend to direct their attention to the visual images because meaning is conveyed more readily through pictures; this preference may hinder learning because the main message in television news is usually provided in the spoken commentary.

3.?The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. illustrate the processes through which a particular phenomenon takes place

B. introduce additional information in order to qualify a particular explanation for a phenomenon

C. explain an apparent contradiction in the results of an experiment corning a particular?phenomenon

D. describe two experiments concerning a particular phenomenon in order to compare opposing?theories about that phenomenon

E. outline the types of evidence that are typically used to support a particular theory about a?phenomenon

4. According to the passage, Paivio's dual-coding hypothesis suggests that the difference?between viewers' ability to recall television news stories and their ability to recall print versions of the same stories is primarily the result of the fact that viewers can do which of the following?

A.?Reduce information conveyed in two different forms to a single type of memory code.?

B.?Remain within their attentional capacity by avoiding the storage of redundant information.?

C.?Translate text-only information into both verbal-memory and visual-memory codes.?

D.?Determine whether the pictures and words in a television news story coincide.

E.?Retrieve information through the use of more than one type of memory code.

5. lf theories of limited attentional capacity. as described in the passage, are correct, which of?the following is most likely to be true of the news stories used in the "studies comparing children's memory"?

A.?The main message in the television news stories was provided through visual images.?

B.?The effort required to process the print versions of the news stories exceeded the attentional?capacity of the children in the studies.?

C.?The visual component of the television news stories provided information that was redundant?with the spoken commentary.?

D.?The difficulty of the print versions of the news stories prevented the children from storing the?information presented in the stories as a verbal code.?

E.?The television news stories included less verbal information than did the print versions of the?stories.

Question 6 is based on this passage:

Potatoes are naturally rich in salicylates, substances believed to reduce the risk of heart attack.?Although fried potatoes contain fats that substantially increase the risk of heart attack, boiled potatoes can be prepared without any fats at all. Therefore, if what is believed about salicylates is in fact true, boiled potatoes would be a useful addition to the diet of anyone who wants to reduce his or her risk of heart attack.

6. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. The only way to prepare potatoes without using harmful fats is to boil them.

B. There are sufficient amounts of salicylates in fried potatoes to offset the harmful effects of the?fats that fried potatoes contain.?

C. People who increase their consumption of boiled potatoes generally decrease their?consumption of fried potatoes.

D. Apart from salicylates, there are no substances in potatoes that reduce the risk of heart attack.

E. The salicylates in potatoes do not break down into inactive substances at the temperature that?potatoes typically reach when they are boiled.

Questions 7 and 8 are based on this passage:

In the 1790s, German astronomer Johann Schroeter postulated an Earthlike rotation period of 23?hours and 21 minutes for Venus, similar to his estimates for Mercury. Because Venus has an atmosphere nearly 100 times as dense as Earth's (it is composed primarily of carbon dioxide rather than nitrogen and oxygen), Venus's surface features are invisible from Earth, and Schroeter could not possibly have tracked them as the planet revolved. Rather, he was most likely trying to apply his view of a myriad of Earths above, all teeming with life, to whatever celestial bodies he saw. Still, at least until the 1960s, the view of Venus as Earth's sister planet was hard to shake: other observers either confirmed Schroeter's results or presented inconclusive counterevidence.

7. The passage implies which of the following about tracking Venus' surface features "as the?planet revolved"?

A. It was a method that Schroeter considered but found unsuitable because of Venus' extremely?thick atmosphere.?

B. It would have resulted in an estimated rotational period for Venus that was very close to what?Schroeter had claimed.

C. It would have been a possible way of studying Venus' rotation had the density of Venus's?atmosphere allowed it.

D. It is a method that is suitable only for planets with extremely thin atmospheres and prominent?surface features.

E. It was a method that some of Schroeter's contemporaries used to estimate the rotational period?of Mercury.

8. It can be inferred from the passage that Schroeter probably would have agreed with which?of the following statements about Venus and Mercury?

A.?Both Venus and Mercury have atmospheres composed mostly of carbon dioxide.?

B. Both Venus and Mercury are home to a variety of life forms.

C. Venus's rotational period is slightly longer than Mercury's is.

D. Mercury's atmosphere is just as thick as Venus's is.

E. Mercury has fewer Earth-like features than Venus does.

Questions 9 and 10 are based on this passage:

Norman Lewis, the first major African American abstract expressionist painter, never enjoyed the?success achieved by fellow abstract expressionists Mark Rothko and Jackson Pollock, artists who more easily built crucial art world connections. Critical neglect might also be partially attributable to Lewis' incorporation of recognizable forms drawn from European artists such as Mondrian and Picasso. As abstract expressionism's status grew through the 1950s, its value was often related to a burgeoning mythology of abstract expressionism as distinctively American. Lewis' visual references to European artists were sometimes perceived as imitative rather than as inventive. However, Lewis, who admired Picasso's use of African art in his cubist designs, did not see hybridity as antithetical to originality and continued to recontextualize European elements in his compositions.

9. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the "mythology"?

A. It remained intact after the era of the 1950s.

B. It may have been a factor that constrained Lewis' success.?

C. It derived in part from certain painters' acceptance in the art world.

D. It detracted in some ways from abstract expressionism's status in Europe.?

E. It reflected the prestige enjoyed by artists like Mondrian and Picasso.

10. The passage suggests which of the following about "hybridity"?

A.?It served a different purpose for Picasso than it did for Lewis.?

B.?It is more apparent in Picasso's cubist paintings than in most of his other works.?

C.?It prevented some abstract expressionists from recognizing their affinity with Picasso.

D.?It was an aspect of Picasso's work that Lewis regarded as part of the artist's creativity.?

E.?It conferred a certain status on European artists that was less available to American artists.