正文翻譯

原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.ltaaa.com 翻譯：土撥鼠之日 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

Daily life aboard the International Space Station moves fast. Really fast. Traveling at approximately 17,000 miles per hour, 300 miles above the Earth, astronauts watch 16 sunrises and sunsets every “day” while floating around in a box with a handful of people they depend on for survival.

國(guó)際空間站上的日常生活節(jié)奏很快，非常快。宇航員們以每小時(shí)17000英里的速度在離地球300英里的高空飛行，“每天”都要觀看16次日出和日落，與他們賴以生存的少數(shù)人一起漂浮在一個(gè)艙體里。

One need look no further than Hollywood blockbusters like “The Martian,” “Gravity” and “Interstellar” for futuristic visions of life beyond Earth as we venture longer and deeper into outer space. But what about the human body’s response to real-life spaceflight – what are the health effects? Will space travelers age at different rates than those of us on Earth? Just how adaptable to the space environment are we?

只要看看好萊塢大片《火星救援》、《地心引力》和《星際穿越》就知道了，隨著我們向外太空探索的時(shí)間越來(lái)越長(zhǎng)，探索的深度也越來(lái)越深，我們可以看到關(guān)于地球以外生活的未來(lái)愿景。但是，人體對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)太空飛行的反應(yīng)如何呢?對(duì)健康有什么影響?太空旅行者的衰老速度會(huì)和我們地球上的人不同嗎?我們對(duì)太空環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性如何?

The NASA TWINS Study represents the most comprehensive view of the human body’s response to space flight ever conducted. Results will guide future studies and personalized approaches for uating health effects of individual astronauts for years to come.

美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局的雙胞胎研究代表了人類(lèi)對(duì)太空飛行反應(yīng)的最全面的看法。研究結(jié)果將指導(dǎo)未來(lái)的研究和評(píng)估宇航員個(gè)人健康影響的個(gè)性化方法。

As a cancer biologist at Colorado State University I study the impact of radiation exposure on human cells. As part of the TWINS Study, I was particularly interested in uating how the ends of the chromosomes, called telomeres, were altered by a year in space.

作為科羅拉多州立大學(xué)的癌癥生物學(xué)家，我研究了輻射對(duì)人體細(xì)胞的影響。作為雙胞胎研究的一部分，我特別感興趣的是評(píng)估染色體的末端，稱為端粒，是如何在一年太空中被改變的。

Teasing apart health effects of space living

分析太空生活對(duì)健康的影響

NASA put out a call and selected 10 peer-reviewed investigations from around the country for the TWINS Study. Studies included molecular, physiological and behavioral measures, and for the first time ever in astronauts, “omics”-based studies. Some teams uated the impact of space on the genome – the entire complement of DNA in a cell (genomics). Other teams examined which genes were turned on and producing a molecule called mRNA (transcriptomics). Some studies focused on how chemical modifications – which do not alter the DNA code – affected the regulation of the genes (epigenomics). Some researchers explored the proteins produced in the cells (proteomics), whereas others scrutinized the products of metabolism (metabolomics).

美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局發(fā)出呼吁，從全國(guó)各地挑選了10項(xiàng)經(jīng)過(guò)同行評(píng)議的調(diào)查，進(jìn)行雙胞胎研究。研究包括分子、生理和行為測(cè)量，并首次在宇航員中進(jìn)行基于“組學(xué)”的研究。一些團(tuán)隊(duì)評(píng)估了空間對(duì)基因組的影響——細(xì)胞中DNA的全部補(bǔ)體(基因組學(xué))。其他研究小組研究了哪些基因被激活并產(chǎn)生了一種叫做mRNA的分子(轉(zhuǎn)錄組學(xué))。一些研究集中在化學(xué)修飾(不改變DNA代碼)如何影響基因的調(diào)控(表觀基因組學(xué))。一些研究人員研究細(xì)胞中產(chǎn)生的蛋白質(zhì)(蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué))，而另一些研究人員則研究代謝產(chǎn)物(代謝組學(xué))。

Even so, the question of spaceflight-associated aging and the accompanying risk of developing age-related diseases like dementia, cardiovascular disease and cancer – during or after a mission – is an important one, and one that we aimed to address directly with our study of telomere length.

即便如此，在執(zhí)行任務(wù)期間或之后，與航天飛行相關(guān)的衰老問(wèn)題以及伴隨而來(lái)的罹患老年癡呆癥、心血管疾病和癌癥等與年齡相關(guān)疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，仍然是一個(gè)重要問(wèn)題，我們的目標(biāo)是通過(guò)對(duì)端粒長(zhǎng)度的研究直接解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

Telomeres are the ends of chromosomes that protect them from damage and from “fraying” – much like the end of a shoestring. Telomeres are critical for maintaining chromosome and genome stability. However, telomeres naturally shorten as our cells divide, and so also as we age. The rate at which telomeres shorten over time is influenced by many factors, including o****tive stress and inflammation, nutrition, physical activity, psychological stresses and environmental exposures like air pollution, UV rays and ionizing radiation. Thus, telomere length reflects an individual’s genetics, experiences and exposures, and so are informative indicators of general health and aging.

端粒是染色體的末端，保護(hù)它們免受損傷和“磨損”——很像鞋帶的末端。端粒對(duì)于維持染色體和基因組的穩(wěn)定性至關(guān)重要。然而，端粒會(huì)隨著細(xì)胞分裂而自然縮短，隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)也會(huì)如此。端粒隨時(shí)間縮短的速度受到許多因素的影響，包括氧化應(yīng)激和炎癥、營(yíng)養(yǎng)、身體活動(dòng)、心理壓力以及空氣污染、紫外線和電離輻射等環(huán)境暴露。因此，端粒長(zhǎng)度反映了一個(gè)人的基因、經(jīng)歷和暴露程度，也反映了一般健康和衰老的信息指標(biāo)。

Telomeres and aging

端粒和衰老

Our study proposed that the unique stresses and out-of-this-world exposures the astronauts experience during spaceflight – things like isolation, microgravity, high carbon dioxide levels and galactic cosmic rays – would accelerate telomere shortening and aging. To test this, we uated telomere length in blood samples received from both twins before, during and after the one year mission.

我們的研究表明，宇航員在太空飛行中所經(jīng)歷的獨(dú)特的壓力和外界的暴露——比如隔離、微重力、高二氧化碳水平和銀河宇宙射線——會(huì)加速端粒縮短和老化。為了測(cè)試這一點(diǎn)，我們?cè)u(píng)估了雙胞胎在執(zhí)行任務(wù)前、中、后一年的血液樣本中的端粒長(zhǎng)度。

The long-term health effects of long duration spaceflight are yet to be determined, but the TWINS Study represents a landmark step in humankind’s journey to the moon, Mars and beyond…and to making science fiction science fact.

長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的太空飛行對(duì)健康的長(zhǎng)期影響還有待確定，但雙胞胎的研究代表著人類(lèi)在月球、火星和更遠(yuǎn)的地方旅行的里程碑式的一步……并使科幻小說(shuō)成為科學(xué)事實(shí)。

評(píng)論翻譯

原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.ltaaa.com 翻譯：土撥鼠之日 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

Glaser
The new study found that Scott had mutations in his "immune system and DNA repair function" that are genetically permanent and cannot be repaired. Scott, the researchers say, there are five kinds of gene mutations, which contains the space radiation and zero gravity environment on the impact of the physiological, because at the beginning to the space station, Scott squarely in high-energy charged particles under the van Allen belt, radiation is 48 times of the earth, so the body cell will have been busy repair radiation injury, will appear this kind of mutation.

最新的研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，史考特“免疫系統(tǒng)和DNA修復(fù)功能”出現(xiàn)突變，從遺傳基因的角度來(lái)看，是無(wú)法恢復(fù)的永久損傷。研究人員指出，史考特基因產(chǎn)生突變有5種可能，其中包含太空輻射、零重力環(huán)境對(duì)生理帶來(lái)的沖擊，因?yàn)槭房继禺?dāng)初待的太空站，正好處于高能帶電粒子范艾倫輻射帶下方，輻射量是地球的48倍，所以身體細(xì)胞會(huì)一直忙著修復(fù)放射線傷害，才會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種突變。

Margaret M
It’s so funny to me that in an article like this, non-ionizing radiation from living full-time in a highly electronics-laden environment is never mentioned as another possible factor, especially when there is so much research showing NIR has neurological effects, genetic effects, and increases o****tive stress.

對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)很有趣的是，在這樣的一篇文章中，來(lái)自生活在電子含量高的環(huán)境中的非電離輻射從未被提及為另一個(gè)可能的因素，特別是當(dāng)有這么多的研究表明，近紅外輻射具有神經(jīng)效應(yīng)、遺傳效應(yīng)、會(huì)增加氧化應(yīng)激時(shí)。

Julien Triquet
The twin paradox is from Paul Langevin, not Einstein.

雙生子悖論來(lái)自保羅·朗之萬(wàn)，而不是愛(ài)因斯坦。

Sheila Davis
logged in via Facebook
I am guessing in space aging is slower since the telomeres were longer, maybe aging actually reverse, is a way of looking at it, since they grew. From my understanding - as one age the telomeres shorten. Guessing! Nicely written article - gives one something to think about from the scientific point of view as well as biblical - man being bound to Earth and subject to time -which is aging and death.

我猜在太空中，由于端粒較長(zhǎng)衰老較慢，也許衰老實(shí)際上逆轉(zhuǎn)了，這是觀察端粒增長(zhǎng)的一種方式。據(jù)我理解——隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)，端粒變短了。只是猜測(cè)！一篇寫(xiě)得很好的文章-從科學(xué)的角度和圣經(jīng)的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)思考-人類(lèi)被束縛在地球上，受制于時(shí)間-這就是衰老和死亡。