Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage. ?

Arts/music

Afican American / soul music / popular music

靈魂音樂的沒落

①African American soul music's commercial influence gradually declined during the early 1970s as?newer styles such as funk and disco began to dominate the airwaves and other, larger changes occurred?within the American music industry. ②After the Second World War, African American popular music?had largely been the province of independent record labels. ③By the 1970s, though, these labels were?either going out of business or, to an increasing degree, coming under the control of major corporations. ④This shift had dire consequences for the production of soul music, whereas independent labels had?achieved success through a skillful balance of commercial and artistic considerations, the emphasis now?became fixed upon marketing a product, resulting in?the more individualized voices?in African American?popular music being quelled.?

非裔美國人靈魂音樂的商業(yè)影響在 1970 年代初期逐漸下降，因為放克和迪斯科等較新的風(fēng)格開始在廣播中占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位，同時美國音樂界發(fā)生了其他更大的變化。 二戰(zhàn)后，非裔美國流行音樂在很大程度上是獨立唱片公司的領(lǐng)地。 然而，到了 1970 年代，這些品牌要么倒閉，要么越來越多地受到大公司的控制。 這種轉(zhuǎn)變對靈魂音樂的制作產(chǎn)生了嚴重的后果，雖然獨立唱片公司通過巧妙地平衡商業(yè)和藝術(shù)考慮而取得了成功，但現(xiàn)在重點轉(zhuǎn)向了營銷產(chǎn)品，導(dǎo)致非裔美國流行音樂中更加個性化的聲音逐漸消失。

1. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the independent record?labels??

細節(jié)題 中

定位在文章第4句中的whereas

D

A. They focused entirely African American popular music. 相反，與popular music分屬不同陣營

B. They refused to produce disco music, viewing it as too commercial. 沒有證據(jù)

C. They preferred going into bankruptcy to losing their creative autonomy. 沒有比較的證據(jù)

D. They accounted for both artistic quality and popular appeal in producing soul music.?

E. They reacted to the decline of soul music by emphasizing more individualized voices. 無關(guān)/沒有證據(jù)

2. The passage suggests which of the following about “the more individualized voices”? ?

細節(jié)題 推斷題 中

B

A. They were speaking out against corporate control of the music industry in the 1070s.? 他們公開反對公司在70年代對音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)的控制。 沒有證據(jù)

B. They were less likely to be promoted by major corporations than by independent labels.? 符合3、4句

C. Their number grew significantly between the end of the Second World War and the 1970s. 相反

D. They were largely responsible for the emergence of new musical styles in the 1970s.? 沒有responsible的證據(jù)

E. Their lack of concern for business led to the decline of independent music labels. 沒有證據(jù)

Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage:?

Sciences/astronomy

Earth / habitability / life

地外生命存在的條件

①Since Earth is the only habitable planet known to humankind, the orbital and physical characteristics of Earth are used to define a habitable planet. ②In other words, habitability is the?characteristic of an environment which has similar properties as those of Earth, and the capability of?developing and sustaining Earthly life. ?

①The statement above implies that the fact that the only habitable planet we know is Earth has?strongly biased our understanding of the conditions required for life. ②From the astronomers’ point of?view, and owing to the essential role that water plays on life on Earth, the definition of a habitable?planet is tied to the presence of liquid water. ③However, as simple this definition might be, it has strong connections to a variety of complex interdependent processes that need to be unraveled and understood?to make predictions on which planets could be habitable. ④The basic principle is that the surface?temperature and pressure of a planet should allow for liquid water. ⑤This is determined by the?amount of irradiation that the planet receives from the star, and the response of the planet’s atmosphere. ⑥The?latter delicately depends on the composition of the planet, and that in turn determines the heat transport?mechanism, cloud presence, and many other atmospheric properties.?

①The irradiation from the star is contingent on the type of the star and the planet’s orbital parameters. ②The atmospheric composition, on the other hand, depends on the in-gassing, outgassing,?and escape histories of the planet. ③The in-gassing and out-gassing accounts are intrinsically connected to the interior dynamics of the planet, while atmospheric escape is related to a variety of thermal and?non-thermal processes, which themselves are linked to the presence of a magnetic field. ④It is not clear?how delicate the balance between these different processes could be. ⑤Nor is it evident if there are?different pathways?that could yield a habitable planet. ⑥However, the fact that Earth has succeeded in?developing life indicates that our planet might have followed one of perhaps many evolutionary paths that resulted naturally in a complex system by the series of steps and bifurcations that it encountered. ⑦It is important to note that the complexity and interdependence of these processes cannot be taken as?evidence for the uniqueness of life on Earth. ⑧The road ahead is to understand which planetary?characteristics are indispensable, which are facilitating, and which are a byproduct of evolution. ⑨For that?purpose, and in order to assess the possibility that a planet (e.g., a super-Earth) may be habitable, a deep?understanding of these processes (i.e. interior composition and dynamics, planet’s magnetic field, and?atmospheric characteristics) is required.?

由于地球是人類已知的唯一宜居星球，因此地球的軌道和物理特征被用來定義宜居星球。換言之，宜居性是指一個環(huán)境具有與地球相似性質(zhì)的環(huán)境特征，具有發(fā)展和維持地球生命的能力。

上述陳述暗示，我們所知道的唯一宜居星球是地球這一事實嚴重影響了我們對生命所需條件的理解。 從天文學(xué)家的角度來看，由于水對地球生命的重要作用，宜居行星的定義與液態(tài)水的存在有關(guān)。 然而，盡管這個定義可能很簡單，但它與各種復(fù)雜的相互依賴的過程有著密切的聯(lián)系，這些過程需要被闡明和理解，以預(yù)測哪些行星可能適合居住。 基本原則是行星的表面溫度和壓力應(yīng)該允許液態(tài)水存在。 這取決于行星從恒星接收到的輻射量，以及行星大氣的響應(yīng)。 后者微妙地取決于行星的組成，而這反過來又決定了熱傳輸機制、云的存在和許多其他大氣特性。

來自恒星的輻射取決于恒星的類型和行星的軌道參數(shù)。另一方面，大氣成分取決于地球的進氣、排氣和逃逸歷史。進氣和排氣與行星的內(nèi)部動力學(xué)有著內(nèi)在的聯(lián)系，而大氣逃逸與各種熱和非熱過程有關(guān)，這些過程本身與磁場的存在有關(guān)。目前尚不清楚這些不同過程之間的平衡有多微妙。也不清楚是否有不同的途徑可以產(chǎn)生宜居星球。然而，地球已經(jīng)成功地發(fā)展出生命這一事實表明，我們的星球可能遵循了許多進化路徑之一，這些進化路徑通過它遇到的一系列步驟和分支自然地形成了一個復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)。重要的是要注意，這些過程的復(fù)雜性和相互依存性不能作為地球上生命獨特性的證據(jù)。未來需要了解哪些行星特征是必不可少的，哪些是促進因素，哪些是進化的副產(chǎn)品。為此目的，并且為了評估行星（例如超級地球）可能適合居住的可能性，需要深入了解這些過程（即內(nèi)部成分和動力學(xué)、行星磁場和大氣特征）。

3. The primary purpose of the passage is to?

功能題 主旨題 中

文章探討了想要了解一顆行星是否可以居住還有很長的路要走。

D

A. evaluate multiple views of the criteria generally used to judge the habitability of planets 并未評價多種觀點

B. analyze predictions that have been made regarding the habitability of particular planets 分析對于特定行星是否宜居的預(yù)測。沒有預(yù)測

C. show how the bias is favor of Earth-like planets has limited the search for habitable planets 以偏概全。

D. discuss some factors that contribute to the difficulty of assessing the habitability of planets 符合

E. describe the conditions under which planets are most likely to become habitable 干擾選項。目前還并不知道需要哪些條件

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

4. The author suggests that the “amount of irradiation that the planet receives from the?star” is affected by the ?

細節(jié)題 推斷題 中

BC

A. composition of the planet’s atmosphere?干擾。不要被3段2句帶走。

B. planet’s orbital parameters 有，3段1句

C. nature of the star 有，3段1句

5. The author would most likely agree with which statement about liquid water??

態(tài)度題 中

E

A. The conditions allowing for the presence of liquid water on a planet are primarily?dependent on the planet’s orbital parameters. 無關(guān)

B. The conditions allowing for the presence of liquid water on Earth are so complex and?interdependent as to be unrepeatable elsewhere. 沒有unrepeatable的證據(jù)

C. It may be possible for planets with otherwise identical characteristics to differ with regard?to the presence of liquid water. 相反/沒有證據(jù)

D. It may be possible for liquid water to form regardless of the amount of irradiation that a?planet receives from its star. 相反

E. It may be possible for liquid water to form on planets whose properties are not identical to those of Earth. 符合

6. The author’s reference to “different pathways” primarily serves to?

功能題 目的題 中

作者想表達的是生命演化路徑有很多，不止一條，確定是哪一條很復(fù)雜，但是沒有哪一條很特殊。

E

A. substantiate an alternative explanation 證實另一種解釋

B. rebut a competing account 反駁一個對立觀點。

C. acknowledge a weakness in a theory 承認一個不足

D. explain an assumption made in a model 解釋一個假設(shè)

E. indicate a lack of certainty regarding a topic 表達一種不確定

生詞摘錄：

bifurcation 分支，分叉

Question 7 is based on this passage:?

Sciences

Tea / polyphenol / cancer

茶多酚可以預(yù)防癌癥

Tea is rich in compounds called polyphenols, which are similar to certain compounds known to?help prevent cancer. Among people in Japan, those who drink over ten cups of tea per day have lower?rates of stomach cancer than others. On average, people in Japan drink much more tea than people in?the United States and have lower rates of lung cancer. It is therefore likely that polyphenols also help?prevent cancer.?

茶富含稱為多酚的化合物，與已知有助于預(yù)防癌癥的某些化合物相似。 在日本人中，每天喝超過 10 杯茶的人患胃癌的幾率低于其他人。 平均而言，日本人喝的茶比美國人多得多，肺癌的發(fā)病率也較低。 因此，多酚也可能有助于預(yù)防癌癥。

7. Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the argument??

邏輯單題 邏輯支持 中

排他因，或否命題，或提供新證據(jù)。

A

A. Smoking, a known cause of lung cancer, is more common in Japan than it is in the United states. 抽煙還比美國普遍，肺癌都少。提供了新證據(jù)，可以加強。

B. Few people in the United States drink more than ten cups of tea per day. 干擾選項。美國幾乎沒人每天喝超過10杯茶。只是加強（或者說復(fù)述）了原文中的證據(jù)，不能加強原論斷。

C. Stomach cancer is much more common in Japan than it is in the United States. 可能會削弱

D. Soy products, which are known to help prevent cancer, are more widely used in Japan than in?the United States.? 會削弱

E.?Coffee, which like tea is a source of caffeine, is more popular in the United States?than in Japan. 說明不了問題，不能加強。

生詞摘錄：

polyphenol 茶多酚

Questions 8 to 10 are based on this passage:?

Arts/history

New Jersey / gender / suffrage clause / enfranchisement

新澤西的女性選舉權(quán)

①In 1776, the state of New Jersey adopted a constitution that ignored gender in its suffrage clause, defining voters simply as adult residents worth at least fifty pounds. ②After 1776, women routinely?participated in the state's electoral process, until, in 1807, the state legislature passed a?law redefining?voters solely as adult, White, male, tax-paying citizens. ③Political historians have been perplexed by New?Jersey's deviation from the established norm of exclusive male suffrage, finding no sign of public agitation either for or against the voting rights of women prior to their enfranchisement in 1776 or?disenfranchisement in 1807. ④Consequently historians, downplaying the extent to which suffrage was the?result of careless constitutional construction, viewed the 1807 disenfranchisement as a legislative effort?to remedy this carelessness. ⑤Yet examination of revolutionary-era manuscripts indicates that the 1776?suffrage clause underwent close legislative scrutiny that led to several?significant changes, thus, the absence of gender references in the final version was probably not accidental.?⑥Indeed, the evidence suggests that New Jersey's legislators believed that all who possessed sufficient net worth were entitled?to vote.?⑦However, they also saw the net worth qualification as serving to prevent an over-democratization of the voting process.?

1776 年，新澤西州通過了一項憲法，在其選舉權(quán)條款中忽略了性別，將選民簡單地定義為凈值超過?50 英鎊的成年居民。1776 年以后，婦女通常參與了該州的選舉過程，直到 1807 年，州立法機構(gòu)通過了一項法律，將選民重新定義為成年、白人、男性、納稅公民。政治歷史學(xué)家對新澤西州背離男性專有權(quán)的既定規(guī)范感到困惑，在1776 年女性有選舉權(quán)之前或是1807 年婦女被剝奪選舉權(quán)，都沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何支持或反對婦女投票權(quán)的公開鼓動跡象。因此，歷史學(xué)家認為女性當時能選舉是立法粗心的結(jié)果，而1807 年的取消女性選舉權(quán)是為了糾正這個粗心。然而，對革命時期手稿的檢查表明，1776 年的選舉權(quán)條款經(jīng)過了嚴格的立法審查，那時還帶來了一些重大變化，因此，最終版本中沒有提及性別可能并非偶然。事實上，證據(jù)表明新澤西州的立法者認為，所有擁有足夠凈資產(chǎn)的人都有權(quán)投票。然而，他們也認為凈資產(chǎn)資格有助于防止投票過程過度民主化。

8. The author of the passage takes the "significant changes" to be an indication of which of?the following??

細節(jié)題 易

是為了表明當時并不是無心之失。

A

A. That the suffrage clause was not established without critical examination 符合

B. That there was little consensus among legislators regarding the final version of the 1776?suffrage clause 沒有證據(jù)

C. That the 1776 suffrage clause was not a deviation from the norm that prevailed in other?states 無關(guān)

D. That there was at least some public agitation in favor of voting right for women prior to?1776 沒有證據(jù)

E. That legislators in 1776 were seriously concerned about the over-democratization of the?voting process 沒有證據(jù)/無關(guān)

9. Which of the following best describes the function of the last sentence of the passage??

功能題 目的題 中

順承服務(wù)上一句信息

C

A. To suggest that New Jersey legislators in 1776 were insincere in their commitment to voting?rights for women 沒有insincere的證據(jù)

B. To indicate that there was a lack of consensus among New Jersey legislators regarding the final?version of the 1776 suffrage clause 沒有consensus的證據(jù)

C. To indicate that the New Jersey legislators in 1776 did not favor unqualified access to voting?rights 新澤西的立法者不希望看到不受限制的投票權(quán)。符合

D. To undermine the evidence suggesting that New Jersey legislators in 1776 believed that all who?possessed sufficient net worth were entitled to vote 相反

E. To suggest that the absence of gender references in the final version of the 1776 suffrage clause?may have been accidental 相反

10. The author of the passage suggests that if there had been public agitation regarding voting?rights for women in New Jersey prior to 1776, then this agitation would have?

細節(jié)題 推斷題 中

C

A. been largely in opposition to voting rights for women rather than in favor of those rights 沒有證據(jù)

B. exerted an important influence on the final version of the 1776 New Jersey suffrage clause 有干擾。無關(guān)

C. potentially provided historians with an explanation for the New Jersey legislators in 1776 regarding voting rights 更加貼合第三句信息

D. made New Jersey’s political culture less unusual in comparison to other states 沒有證據(jù)

E. made it less likely that New Jersey would disenfranchise women sometime after?1776 沒有證據(jù)

生詞摘錄：

deviation?偏離