Chapter THREE——「Words and Morphology」

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3-1——「Words」

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3-2——「Morpheme」

3-2-1詞素的識(shí)別與分類[認(rèn)識(shí)]

A.自由詞素與粘著詞素

B.詞根、詞綴、詞干

C.屈折詞綴與派生詞綴

D.畫樹狀圖

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3-2-2 規(guī)范術(shù)語(yǔ)

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3-2-3詞綴[認(rèn)識(shí)]

A.深化認(rèn)識(shí)3-2-1

B.前綴化、中綴化、后綴化

C.詞位、義素、詞素變體[深刻理解]

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【名詞解釋】——「Morpheme」

[胡+星火]Morpheme is the smallest unit of language, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.

[戴]Morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.

[戴]Words are formed by combining a number of distinct units of meaning. The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.

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[記憶卡片]1.smallest unit of language 2.信息=meaning(lexical)+function(grammatical) 3.攜帶了信息=不能下分去破壞信息。

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【選填判斷】

(1). [戴]It is important to note that a morpheme is neither a meaning nor a stretch of sound , but a meaning and a stretch of sound joined together.(詞素既不是意義，也不是音階，而是意義和音階的組合！)

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(2). [戴]Not only words, morpheme are usually arbitrary: there is no natural connection between sound and their meaning.

[戴]Arbitrariness means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.

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小彩蛋——果然，[戴]對(duì)聲音和意思之間的聯(lián)系【情有獨(dú)鐘】！但其實(shí)，符號(hào)和單詞之間，也有任意性的，這個(gè)點(diǎn)[星火][胡]都有涉及到。

而且，通過(1)也能夠推出來(lái)，既然詞素有任意性，詞素是聲音、意義和符號(hào)等表征的集合體，任意性不僅限于詞素和聲音。

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(3). [戴]簡(jiǎn)單詞只有一個(gè)詞素，復(fù)雜詞有兩個(gè)及兩個(gè)以上。

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【名詞解釋】——「Free morpheme」and「Bound morpheme」

[戴]A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme.

[戴]A morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.

[胡+星火]It refer to those morphemes which may occur alone or constitute words by themselves. e.g. dog, nation, close.

[胡+星火]It refers to those morphemes which cannot occur alone. They must appear with at least another morpheme. e.g. -s in dogs, -al in national.

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【選填判斷】

(4). [胡]All morphemic words are free morphemes.

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(5). [胡]Poly-morphemic words, 其構(gòu)成成分都是自由詞素，又稱compound words. 如，paymaster, moonwalk, sunflower.

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(6). 一些詞素既可以是自由詞素，也可以是黏著詞素。也可以說，一些詞素既是自由的又是黏著的。

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【名詞解釋】——「Root」、「Affix」and「Stem」

Root refers to the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without destroying its meaning.[星火+胡]

The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning.[戴]

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Affix refers to the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or the stem), which has three sub-sypes, prefix suffix and infix.[胡+星火]

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Stem refers to any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added, it can be equivalent to a root, or a root and a derivational affix. e.g. friend- in friends and friendship- in friendships are both stem.[胡+星火]

[辨證概念]——詞干相當(dāng)于能屈折變化的詞，這個(gè)詞可以是復(fù)合詞，可以是簡(jiǎn)單詞。不可能是除名詞、動(dòng)詞之外的其它詞性。詞干&時(shí)態(tài),單復(fù)數(shù),所屬格變位。

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【選填判斷】——理解即掌握，這些都是概念的延展！

(7). All words contain a root morpheme, which may be a free morpheme or a bound morpheme, or called a free root or a bound root.

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(8). [戴]Root falls into two categories: free and bound.

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(9). [戴]因?yàn)樵~根承擔(dān)單詞的主要意義，所以詞根通常屬于詞匯范疇。

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(10). [戴]詞綴不屬于詞匯范疇，而一直是黏著詞素。

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(11). [戴]有些詞素并不總被賦予詞匯意義的，如助詞、助動(dòng)詞、形式主語(yǔ)。

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(12). [戴]黏著詞素很大程度上只是語(yǔ)法標(biāo)志，表示時(shí)態(tài)、數(shù)、格等概念。

There are bound morphemes which are mostly grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.

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【名詞解釋】——「Inflectional affix」and「Derivational affix」

[戴]Derivational morpheme——there are morpheme which change the category, or grammatical class of words.

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[戴]Inflectional affix——In some morpheme are attached to words or morpheme, but they never change their syntactic category.

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【選填判斷】——理解即掌握，這些都是概念的延展！

(13). [胡]屈折詞綴和派生詞綴的區(qū)別只與詞綴相關(guān)。而詞根不能再分成屈折詞根和派生詞跟。

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(14). [胡]屈折詞綴的意義在于生成同一個(gè)詞的不同形式，在于添加一個(gè)微小的或微妙的語(yǔ)義變化。

They serve to produce different forms of a single lexeme, and only add a minute or delicate grammatical function to stem.

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(15). [胡]就能產(chǎn)性而言，derivational affixes are more productive than inflectional affixes.

派生詞綴在新詞的生成上具有很強(qiáng)的能產(chǎn)性。

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(16). [胡]屈折詞根是后綴，總是在單詞詞尾。而派生詞綴可以是前綴，也可以是后綴。

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(17). [胡]是否使用屈折詞根取決于短語(yǔ)或句子內(nèi)部的其他成分。

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Tree Diagram

1. 按【詞根】、【前綴】、【后綴】，三個(gè)要素去分把詞素分類。

2. 不區(qū)別是否自由與黏著，是否曲折與派生。

3. 不能識(shí)別的往下抄下來(lái)。

4. 如果有屈折變化，加上【詞干】，即四要素。

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小彩蛋——[胡]喜歡用被動(dòng)句和否定句！[戴]喜歡用“攜帶,承擔(dān)”。

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胡：Morpheme cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.

戴：Morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.

胡：Root refers to the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without destroyed its meaning.

戴：The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning.[戴]