Author(s): John Haldon, Neil Roberts, Adam Izdebski, Dominik Fleitmann, Michael McCormick, Marica Cassis, Owen Doonan, Warren Eastwood, Hugh Elton, Sabine Ladst?tter, Sturt Manning, James Newhard, Kathleen Nicoll, Ioannes Telelis and Elena Xoplaki
Published by: The MIT Press
翻譯：神尾智代

appENDIX 1:（153）

SUMMARY OF HISTORICALLY RECORDED EXTREME CLIMATE-RELATED EVENTS IN ANATOLIA AND ADJACENT REGIONS FROM BYZANTINE SOURCES (300-1453 C.E.)

附錄1：（153）

來自拜占庭（公元 300-1453 年）的阿納托利亞和鄰近地區(qū)歷史記錄的極端氣候相關(guān)事件摘要

The table that follows presents a summary of the catalogue of climatic events from textual sources to be found in the works of Telelis and Stathakopoulos, recently updated in McCormick et al. (eds.), Digital Atlas of Roman and Medieval Civilizations. References to any environmental or climate-related event in a historical or archival document, however, represent an initial stage of interpretation in light of the observer's/reporter's experience, or the assumptions of the informant(s). Since an observer's geographical location may reflect uncorroborated generalizations, such reports may offer only a tentative guide to actual climate conditions or events.

????????? 下表概括了來自文本來源的氣候事件目錄，這些文本來源可在 Telelis 和 Stathakopoulos 的作品中找到，最近在 McCormick 等人中進(jìn)行了更新。 (eds.), 羅馬和中世紀(jì)文明的數(shù)字地圖集。 然而，在歷史或檔案文件中對任何環(huán)境或氣候相關(guān)事件的引用，代表了根據(jù)觀察者/報(bào)告者的經(jīng)驗(yàn)或線人的假設(shè)的初步解釋階段。 由于觀察員的地理位置可能反映未經(jīng)證實(shí)的概括，因此此類報(bào)告可能僅提供實(shí)際氣候條件或事件的暫定指南。

Historical scholarship is constantly developing a deeper understanding of the historical sources, addressing such issues as their ideological outlook; the literary and theological traditions that informed them; the geographical location of their composition; and, most importantly for the purpose of this article, their dating methods and chronological frameworks. Written sources often report events within a broad time frame that gives an (approximate) date of composition, for example. Such events are included in the table as a single entry to prevent distortion of the overall pattern, unless they were clearly repeated across a number of years (the catalogue in Telelis' 2004 work takes this distinction into account in its tabulation).

?????????? 歷史學(xué)研究不斷加深對歷史淵源的理解，解決思想觀念等問題； 影響他們的文學(xué)和神學(xué)傳統(tǒng)； 其組成的地理位置； 并且，最重要的是為了本文的目的，他們的約會方法和時(shí)間順序框架。 例如，書面資料通常會在一個(gè)寬泛的時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)報(bào)告事件，并給出（大致的）創(chuàng)作日期。 此類事件作為單個(gè)條目包含在表格中，以防止整體模式失真，除非它們在多年內(nèi)明顯重復(fù)（Telelis 2004 年工作的目錄在其列表中考慮了這種區(qū)別）。

The availability of the various reports testifies not only to whether they were able to survive through the ages but also to the extent to which texts were produced during their era; written evidence from the period before the sixth century and from the period after the tenth century far outnumbers that from the intervening centuries. For a detailed methodological discussion, see Telelis, "Climatic Fluctuations in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East AD 300-1500 from Byzantine Documentary and Proxy Physical Palaeoclimatic Evidence a Comparison," Jahrbuch der ?sterreichischen Byzantinistik, LVIII (2008), 169-177, as well as his analysis by source category in Meteorologika phainomena sto Vizantio (Athens, 2004), II, 71 1-795, and the tabulation of results from that analysis (796-829).

????????? 各種報(bào)告的可用性不僅證明了它們是否能夠歷經(jīng)時(shí)代，而且還證明了它們在那個(gè)時(shí)代產(chǎn)生的文本的程度； 六世紀(jì)之前和十世紀(jì)之后的書面證據(jù)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過其間的幾個(gè)世紀(jì)。 有關(guān)詳細(xì)的方法論討論，請參閱 Telelis，“東地中海和中東 AD 300-1500 的氣候波動來自拜占庭紀(jì)錄片和代理物理古氣候證據(jù)的比較”，Jahrbuch der ?sterreichischen Byzantinistik, LVIII (2008), 169-177， 以及他在 Meteorologika phainomena sto Vizantio (Athens, 2004), II, 71 1-795 中按來源類別進(jìn)行的分析，以及該分析的結(jié)果列表 (796-829)。

Two concluding points: First, because many of the witnesses are from Constantinople which in an eastern Roman context is only to be expected, especially after the seventh century - the locational bias is particularly strong. It does not preclude careful generalization, however, if we acknowledge the methodological considerations outlined in Telelis, Meteorologika phainomena sto Vizantio, mentioned above. Second, the causal relationship between events and their context is not always clear. The overall picture must take into account that several of the "famine" events were caused by political circumstances (such as a siege, for example, or wartime devastation).

????????? 兩個(gè)結(jié)論：首先，因?yàn)樵S多證人來自君士坦丁堡，這在東羅馬語境中是可以預(yù)料的，尤其是在七世紀(jì)之后 - 位置偏見特別強(qiáng)烈。 但是，如果我們承認(rèn)上面提到的 Telelis, Meteorologika phainomena sto Vizantio 中概述的方法論考慮因素，這并不排除謹(jǐn)慎的概括。 其次，事件與其背景之間的因果關(guān)系并不總是很清楚。 整體情況必須考慮到一些“饑荒”事件是由政治環(huán)境（例如圍城或戰(zhàn)時(shí)破壞）引起的。

appENDIX 2: KEY DATES IN BYZANTINE HISTORY (3OO-I453 C.E.)

附錄 2：拜占庭歷史的關(guān)鍵日期（公元 3OO-I453）

284-305 Diocletian and the tetrarchy; division of the Roman Empire

330 Constantinople established as capital of the Eastern Roman Empire

378 Defeat and death of Valens by Goths in battle of Adrianople

406-407 Germanic groups cross Rhine and enter the western Roman Empire in numbers

410 Visigoths sack Rome

527+ Justinian re-conquers most of Italy and North Africa

541+ Plague of Justinian

565-591 Wars with Persia

566+ Slavs begin to infiltrate across Danube frontier

611-620S Central and northern Balkans fall from imperial control

614-619 Persians occupy Syria, Palestine, and Egypt

626-628 Heraclius defeats Persian forces in the east

634-646 Arab conquest leading to loss of Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia, and Egypt

644+ Long-term Arab raiding in Byzantine Anatolia begins

668-669 First Arab blockade and siege of Constantinople

698 Carthage falls to Arabs and North Africa

717-718 Second siege of Constantinople

746+ Last major plague in Constantinople (prior to Black Death)

824+ Beginning of Arab conquest of Sicily and of Crete

860 Rus' (Viking) attack on Constantinople; mission to Chazars of St. Cyril

900+ Final loss of Sicily

958 Samosata on R. Euphrates captured, ending Arab invasions of Anatolia

1054 Sel?uks take Baghdad; Norman power in southern Italy expanding

1071 Romanos IV defeated and captured at Mantzikert by Sel?uks; beginning of Turkish occupation of central Anatolia, ending the Byzantine "golden age"; Normans take Bari

1097+ First Crusade; Sel?uks defeated

1146-1148 Second Crusade

1203-1204 Constantinople sacked by Fourth Crusade; establishment of Latin empire

1204-1205; successor states in Nicaea, Epirus, and Trebizond established

1280-1337 Ottomans take most remaining Byzantine possessions in Anatolia

1347 Black Death reaches Constantinople

1365 Ottomans take Adrianople, which becomes their capital

I397-1402 Bayezit I besieges Constantinople but withdraws after Timur defeats Ottomans at battle of Ankara (1402)

1422 Murat II lays siege to Constantinople

1453 Final Ottoman siege of Constantinople; city falls on May 29th

?

284-305 戴克里先和四國；羅馬帝國的分裂

330年君士坦丁堡成為東羅馬帝國的首都

378 哥特人在阿德里安堡之戰(zhàn)中擊敗瓦倫斯并死亡

406-407日耳曼族群越過萊茵河進(jìn)入西羅馬帝國

410 西哥特人洗劫羅馬

527+ 查士丁尼重新征服了意大利和北非的大部分地區(qū)

541+ 查士丁尼瘟疫

565-591 與波斯的戰(zhàn)爭

566+ 斯拉夫人開始滲透多瑙河邊境

611-620S 巴爾干中部和北部脫離帝國控制

614-619 波斯人占領(lǐng)敘利亞、巴勒斯坦和埃及

626-628 赫拉克略在東方擊敗波斯軍隊(duì)

634-646 阿拉伯征服導(dǎo)致失去敘利亞、巴勒斯坦、美索不達(dá)米亞和埃及

644+ 阿拉伯人在拜占庭安納托利亞的長期襲擊開始

668-669 阿拉伯人第一次封鎖和圍攻君士坦丁堡

698 迦太基落入阿拉伯人和北非

717-718 君士坦丁堡的第二次圍攻

746+ 君士坦丁堡的最后一場大瘟疫（黑死病之前）

824+ 阿拉伯人開始征服西西里島和克里特島

860 羅斯（維京人）進(jìn)攻君士坦丁堡；前往圣西里爾查扎爾的任務(wù)

900+ 西西里島最終失利

958 年幼發(fā)拉底河上的 薩摩薩塔 被俘，結(jié)束了阿拉伯人對安納托利亞的入侵

1054 塞爾丘克人攻占巴格達(dá)；意大利南部的諾曼勢力擴(kuò)張

1071 羅曼諾斯四世在曼茨克特被塞爾丘克擊敗并俘虜；土耳其開始占領(lǐng)安納托利亞中部，結(jié)束拜占庭“黃金時(shí)代”；諾曼人占領(lǐng)巴里

1097+ 第一次十字軍東征；塞爾丘克斯被擊敗

1146-1148 第二次十字軍東征

1203-1204 君士坦丁堡被第四次十字軍東征洗劫；拉丁帝國的建立

1204-1205；尼西亞、伊庇魯斯和特拉比松的繼承國建立

1280-1337 奧斯曼帝國占領(lǐng)安納托利亞大部分剩余的拜占庭財(cái)產(chǎn)

1347年黑死病到達(dá)君士坦丁堡

1365 年奧斯曼帝國占領(lǐng)阿德里安堡，成為他們的首都

I397-1402 貝濟(jì)特一世圍攻君士坦丁堡，但在帖木兒在安卡拉戰(zhàn)役中擊敗奧斯曼帝國后撤退（1402 年）

1422 穆拉特二世圍攻君士坦丁堡

1453 年奧斯曼帝國最終圍攻君士坦丁堡；城市陷落于 5 月 29 日