中 世 紀(jì) 飲 品

Drinks of various kinds were an essential part of the diet during medieval times. Besides various other reasons, this was also because access to clean water was not guaranteed and water-borne diseases were prevalent. Many medieval towns had a water carrier who would be available to supply fresh water to the town’s inhabitants.

? ? ? ? ? 在中世紀(jì)，飲品是飲食的重要組成部分。除了其他原因外，這也是因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)清潔水的獲取沒有保障，水傳播疾病的情況很普遍。許多中世紀(jì)的城鎮(zhèn)都有專門的運(yùn)水工，可以為城鎮(zhèn)的居民運(yùn)送相對(duì)清潔的水。

Wine and ale were popular drinks as the water was generally considered bad for digestion. The most common medieval drinks were alcoholic which were considered nutritious and were also less prone to putrefaction because of the presence of alcohol.

? ? ? ? ? 葡萄酒和麥芽酒是很受歡迎的飲料，因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)的人們普遍認(rèn)為水不利于消化。中世紀(jì)最常見的飲料是酒精飲料，它們被認(rèn)為是富有營養(yǎng)的，而且由于酒精的存在，也不容易變質(zhì)。

Additionally, milk was confined to the young or elderly and was mainly consumed by the poor or the sick. Among the nobility and royals, wine was the preferred beverage while medieval drinks of the common people were mainly beer or ale.

? ? ? ? ? 此外，牛奶的飲用對(duì)象只限于年幼者或老年人，還有窮人或病人。在皇室或貴族家庭中，葡萄酒是首選的飲料，而普通家庭的飲料主要是啤酒或麥芽酒。

葡 萄 酒

The most prestigious beverage amongst medieval drinks was wine which was also considered a healthier choice. The quality of medieval wine varied, depending on various factors such as the number of grape pressings, type of grapes, and vintage. The wine obtained from the first pressing was amongst the finest of medieval drinks and was reserved for nobility.

? ? ? ? ?在中世紀(jì)的飲料中，最負(fù)盛名的是葡萄酒，它也被認(rèn)為是一種更健康的選擇。中世紀(jì)葡萄酒的質(zhì)量各不相同，取決于各種因素，如葡萄壓榨的次數(shù)、葡萄的種類和年份。從第一次壓榨中得到的葡萄酒是中世紀(jì)最好的飲料之一，是貴族家庭的首選。

The quality decreased with second and third pressing and wine from these pressings went to the lower classes.

? ? ? ? ? 第二次和第三次壓榨后，葡萄酒的質(zhì)量會(huì)下降，這些酒會(huì)流入了下層社會(huì)。

The highest quality red wine as a medieval drink was well beyond the reach of the common people as it required very expensive equipment and storage, as well as specialized knowledge. Documents on medieval drinks suggest that wine preservation was one of the main problems in the entire process.

? ? ? ? ? 作為中世紀(jì)的飲料，最高質(zhì)量的紅葡萄酒遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了普通人的承受范圍，因?yàn)樗枰浅０嘿F的釀制設(shè)備和儲(chǔ)存器物，以及專業(yè)的釀造知識(shí)。有關(guān)中世紀(jì)飲料的文件表明，葡萄酒的儲(chǔ)存是整個(gè)釀制過程中的主要問題之一。

Wine was also used as a medical remedy for various problems. For instance, red wine was considered good for digestion but other than red wine, spiced or mulled wine was highly recommended by physicians. It was thought of having a highly vaporizing effect on foodstuffs which was augmented with the addition of spices. Spiced wine was a very special kind of medieval drink and was particularly popular during the high medieval times.

? ? ? ? ? 葡萄酒還被人們用作治療各種疾病。例如，紅葡萄酒被認(rèn)為有利于消化，但除了紅葡萄酒之外，香料酒或悶酒也是醫(yī)生的強(qiáng)烈推薦。人們認(rèn)為它對(duì)食品有高度的汽化作用，而加入香料后，這種作用會(huì)得到加強(qiáng)。香料酒是一種非常特別的中世紀(jì)飲品，在中世紀(jì)的上流社會(huì)特別流行。

Spiced wine was made by mixing the ordinary red wine with a variety of spices including ginger, pepper, cloves, and others. It was so popular during the late medieval times that bagged spice mixes specifically made for wines were available from merchants. This was just one indication of the rising demand for spices in Europe during the same period.

? ? ? ? ? 香料酒是通過將普通紅酒與各種香料包括姜、胡椒、丁香等混合而成。它在中世紀(jì)后期非常流行，以至于商人們可以買到專門為葡萄酒制作的袋裝香料混合物。這只是同一時(shí)期歐洲對(duì)香料需求上升的一個(gè)跡象。

蜂 蜜 酒

Mead was another one of the highly popular medieval drink and was also known as honey wine. It was made by mixing honey and water through fermentation with yeast. It was common to brew mead with spices, grain mash, or fruits.

? ? ? ? ? 蜂蜜酒是另一種高度流行的中世紀(jì)飲料，也被稱為“honey wine”。它是由蜂蜜和水混合在一起通過酵母發(fā)酵制成的。用香料、谷物泥或水果來釀造蜂蜜酒是很常見的。

Mead was not just popular among the medieval drinks but was also well known throughout ancient Europe, Asia, and Africa. It has also been mentioned in various epics from early medieval times. For instance, the famous Old English epic poem Beowulf mentions Danish warriors drinking honey mead.

? ? ? ? ? 蜂蜜酒不僅在中世紀(jì)的飲料中很受歡迎，而且在整個(gè)古代歐洲、亞洲和非洲也很有名。它還在中世紀(jì)早期的各種史詩中被提及。例如，著名的古英語史詩《貝奧武夫》中提到丹麥戰(zhàn)士喝蜂蜜酒。

Mead-making was also common as a by-product of bee-keeping in monasteries and areas where grapes were not usually found.

? ? ? ? ? 在修道院和通常沒有種植葡萄的地區(qū)，作為養(yǎng)蜂的副產(chǎn)品，制作蜂蜜酒也很常見。

蜂 蜜 酒 飲 品 類 型

Just like wine and other medieval drinks, mead also has various forms depending on its ingredients. It also varied in its flavor which depended on the source of honey used as well as other additives such as fruits and spices.

? ? ? ? ? 就像葡萄酒和其他中世紀(jì)飲料一樣，蜂蜜酒也有各種品種，這取決于它的成分。它的味道也各不相同，這取決于所用蜂蜜的來源以及其他添加劑，如水果和香料。

Additionally, the fermentation and aging processes also had an impact on the flavor of the drink. Mead which contained different kinds of spices and herbs was called metheglin and the one that contained fruits was known as melomel.

? ? ? ? ? 此外，發(fā)酵和陳釀過程也對(duì)飲料的味道產(chǎn)生了影響。含有不同種類香料和草藥的蜂蜜酒被稱為metheglin，含有水果的蜂蜜酒被稱為melomel。

Finally, the kind of mead that was obtained through fermentation with grape juice was called pyment mead. The taste of meat varied from beer-like bitter taste to semi-sweet or sweet.

? ? ? ? ? 最后，通過與葡萄汁發(fā)酵得到的那種蜂蜜酒被稱為pyment mead。味道從啤酒般的苦味到半甜或甜味不等。

啤? ? ?酒 （Beer）

In the northern regions of Europe, grape cultivation was almost non-existent which made access to wine very difficult, even for the nobility. Not many people could afford to drink imported wine anyway as it was far too expensive. Thus, in the northern region, beer was one of the most popular medieval drinks even among the nobility.

? ? ? ? ? 在歐洲北部地區(qū)，幾乎沒有葡萄種植區(qū)，這使得獲得葡萄酒非常困難，即使是貴族也是如此。反正沒有多少人能夠喝得起進(jìn)口葡萄酒，因?yàn)樗F了。因此，在北部地區(qū)，啤酒是中世紀(jì)最受歡迎的飲料之一，甚至在貴族中也是如此。

Beer is also known as lager today was not given much importance among the medieval drinks and was also not considered medically worthwhile. In fact, many physicians attributed various harmful effects to beer such as bad breath, rotting teeth, and stomach fumes. But there were also certain advantages associated with beer as a medieval drink. For instance, it was thought to facilitate urination and make one’s flesh smooth.

? ? ? ? ? 中世紀(jì)的啤酒也被稱為今天的拉格啤酒，在中世紀(jì)的飲料中并不被重視，也不被認(rèn)為在醫(yī)學(xué)上有價(jià)值。事實(shí)上，許多醫(yī)生認(rèn)為啤酒有各種有害的影響，如口臭、牙齒腐爛和胃炎。但是，作為一種中世紀(jì)的飲料，啤酒也有某些好處。例如，人們認(rèn)為它能促進(jìn)排尿，使人的肉體變得光滑。

During the early medieval times, it was common to brew beer in monasteries as well as individual homes. During the high medieval times, however, breweries began to be established in various towns and became the primary source of production.

? ? ? ? ? 在中世紀(jì)早期，修道院以及個(gè)人家里釀造啤酒是很常見的。然而，在中世紀(jì)鼎盛時(shí)期，各個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)開始建立啤酒廠，并成為主要的生產(chǎn)來源。

麥 芽 酒 （Ale）

Ale was another common beverage amongst popular medieval drinks. The main difference between ale and beer was that the former was brewed without hops and the latter with them. Its ingredients were grain, water, and yeast with which it was fermented. Ale was generally considered a special type of beer and was also known as godale, which was derived from two German words god and ale, meaning ‘Good Beer’.

? ? ? ? ? 麥芽酒是中世紀(jì)流行飲料中的另一種常見飲料。麥芽酒和啤酒的主要區(qū)別是，前者在釀造時(shí)沒有啤酒花，后者則有啤酒花。它的成分是谷物、水和酵母，它是用酵母發(fā)酵的。麥芽酒通常被認(rèn)為是一種特殊的啤酒，也被稱為godale，它來自兩個(gè)德語單詞god和ale，意思是 "好啤酒"。

Following the crusades, the use of spices became widespread during the high medieval ages and spices began to be used in beer and ale as well. Some of the common spices used were juniper, sage, gentian, cinnamon, and others. During medieval times, ale was generally brewed at home by women and was meant for domestic as well as small commercial purposes.

? ? ? ? ? 十字軍東征之后，香料的使用在中世紀(jì)鼎盛時(shí)期變得非常廣泛，香料也開始被用于啤酒和麥芽酒中。一些常用的香料有杜松、鼠尾草、龍膽、肉桂等。在中世紀(jì)，啤酒一般是由婦女在家里釀造的，用于家庭和小型商業(yè)目的。

其 他 中 世 紀(jì) 飲 品

Other than these common medieval drinks, various other non-alcoholic drinks were also in vogue. For instance, fruit juices of various types were drunk by all social classes. Other than drinking fresh fruit juices, fruits were also fermented to produce less common alcoholic medieval drinks such as cider or perry.

? ? ? ? ? 除了這些常見的中世紀(jì)飲料外，其他各種非酒精飲料也在流行。例如，所有社會(huì)階層都喝各種類型的果汁。除了喝新鮮的果汁，水果也被發(fā)酵以生產(chǎn)不太常見的中世紀(jì)酒精飲料，如蘋果酒或佩里酒。

Apples were used in the case of cider while perry was produced from pears. Similarly, blackberries or black mulberries were used to make Murry, and prunelle was made from plums.

? ? ? ? ? 蘋果用于制作蘋果酒，而梨子則用于制作梨酒。同樣，黑莓或黑桑葚被用來制作Murry，而李子被用來制作prunelle。

Other than these drinks, tea and coffee were also well known, although these were less common compared to alcoholic drinks. Herbal infusions were generally reserved for patients and for medical purposes. Both tea and coffee became more popular by the end of medieval times and the beginning of the modern era.

? ? ? ? ? 除了這些飲料外，茶和咖啡也很有名，盡管與酒精飲料相比，這些飲料不太常見。草藥輸液一般是為病人和醫(yī)療目的而保留的。到中世紀(jì)末和現(xiàn)代初，茶和咖啡都變得更加流行。

原文網(wǎng)址：

https://www.medievalchronicles.com/medieval-food/medieval-drinks/