How were strategists of Ancient China trained? I noticed that during the Three Kingdoms, strategists were very young. Hermits like Zhuge Liang for example came from the middle of nowhere and created hugely successful strategies. How is it possible?

中國古代的戰(zhàn)略家是如何培養(yǎng)的？我發(fā)現(xiàn)三國時期的戰(zhàn)略家都非常年輕。比如諸葛亮這種不知從哪里冒出來的隱士也能制定出非常成功的戰(zhàn)略。這如何可能？（上）

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Jiawen Cheong, 龍的傳人
Answered Dec 11, 2017
Zhuge Liang joined Liu Bei in 207 AD, age 26. Let’s see how his age compares to other well-known historical military figures.
334 BC: Alexander the Great, age 18, invades the Achaemenid (Persian) Empire.
221 BC: Hannibal Barca, age 26, made commander-in-chief of Carthaginian Army. Begins invasion of Rome in the Second Punic War. He is eventually defeated by Scipio Africanus, who was made Proconsul of Rome at the age of 25.

諸葛亮公元207年加入劉備，時年26歲。我們再看看其他歷史上著名的軍事人物的年齡。
公元前334年：亞歷山大大帝，18歲，入侵了尼德王朝。
公元前221年：漢尼拔，26歲，迦太基軍隊(duì)的總司令。在第二次布匿戰(zhàn)爭中開始入侵羅馬。他最終被西庇阿打敗，而他在25歲的時候就成為了羅馬總督。

Can Zhang, B.A. in Chinese Culture
Answered Jan 13, 2018
The real history is actually very much different from the depiction of Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
For instance, Romance depicted that Liu Bei sent an invasion force of 750,000 to avenge Guan Yu's death at the hands of Wu, but the reality is Shu's invasion force was actually less than 1/10th of that, and that by the time the “Young Strategist” Lu Xun (he was actually close to his 40’s) arrived at Yiling, Wu had the numerical advantage over Shu. Thus, the famed “Lu Xun raises a 700 mile long inferno” was actually not only a fabrication, it was not within the same ballpark of the truth. The kind of “A strategist plans within his tent for victories thousands of miles away” is a specific kind of fantasy for scholars who fancied themselves genius military commanders after having read a few books, and those depictions are their fantasies put into text form. It inspires people to read and study, but is not how wars are won.

真實(shí)的歷史其實(shí)和《三國演義》里講述的很不一樣。比如，三國演義里說劉備為了替關(guān)羽報仇而派出了75萬人的入侵軍隊(duì)對付吳國，但事實(shí)是蜀國的入侵部隊(duì)不到那個的十分之一，當(dāng)“年輕的戰(zhàn)略家”陸遜（當(dāng)時實(shí)際上已經(jīng)接近40歲）抵達(dá)夷陵時，吳國對蜀國有著很多優(yōu)勢。因此，著名的陸遜火燒連營的故事也是捏造，不真實(shí)的。運(yùn)籌帷幄，決勝千里之外，這也是一種幻想，因?yàn)檫@些人在讀了幾本書后特別喜歡將自己當(dāng)成是天才的軍事指揮者，這些描述都是他們的想象，訴諸于文字。這能激勵人們?nèi)ラ喿x和研究，但戰(zhàn)爭不是這樣打贏的。

Real strategists are those who have been through many battles and naturally selected by survival. Even Zhuge Liang, the symbol of military strategy in novels, was a terrible strategist but a brilliant administrator. Shu was able to contend with the much bigger and more populous Wei through his economic policies and mobilization, not because he devised genius strategies that defeated forces much larger than his own. In real history, Zhuge Liang’s victories were few and far in between, and that’s why he never made any real progress towards any of Wei’s heartland.

真正的戰(zhàn)略家是那些經(jīng)歷過眾多戰(zhàn)斗而生存下來的人。即使是諸葛亮這種小說里的軍事戰(zhàn)略象征也是一個糟糕的戰(zhàn)略家，但是是一個聰明的管理者。蜀國通過經(jīng)濟(jì)政策和動員從而可以對抗規(guī)模更大人口更多的魏國，而不是因?yàn)橹T葛亮的天才策略。在真實(shí)的歷史中，諸葛亮的勝利是很少的，所以他從來沒能真正的侵入魏國的腹地。

Meng Feifei, lives in China
Answered Jan 18, 2018
Because the Three Kingdoms period was the peak of Chinese family politics. At the period, national politics were dominated by big families. These families were very powerful. They had their own land, towns, tax income and private army. They monopolized talent selection. Family pedigree came first.

因?yàn)槿龂鴷r期是中國家族政治的巔峰時期。當(dāng)時，國內(nèi)政治由大家族主導(dǎo)。這些家族非常強(qiáng)大。他們有自己的土地，城鎮(zhèn)，稅收收入和私人軍隊(duì)。他們壟斷了人才選拔。家族血統(tǒng)優(yōu)先。

If you were a young guy in the Three Kingdom period, you came from a powerful family, you were entitled to a position in the government when coming of age.
This pedigree-based talent selection system lingered on a while even after Emperor Wen of Sui introduced the imperial exam system.

三國時期如果你是個年輕人，來自權(quán)勢家族，成年后你就能在政府獲得一個職位。
這種家譜為基礎(chǔ)的人才選拔制度在隋文帝推出科舉制度后還持續(xù)了一段時間。