The Commonwealth, established in 1649

Levelers wanted religious toleration, law reform and universal manhood suffrage

Col. Thomas Rainsborough ca. 1610-1648

Religious tolerance and free press has produced the emergent religious sects of various kinds: Baptists "Dippers"; Seekers; Diggers (Gerard Winstanley ca. 1609-1660); Ranters; Quakers (George Fox 1624-1691); Muggletonians (Lodowick Muggelton 1609-1698); Fifth Monarchy Men

Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658

Lord Protector of England, 1653-1658

Inviting back the Stewarts, but restrained by the Parliament, religion and the money

King Charles II 1630-1685

King James II 1633-1701

Whigs, Tory

Why people didn't rebel against King James I?

• No one wanted another civil war.
• English people anticipated a short Catholic reign from James II, and the daughters of James were married to Protestants (William of Orange).

Mary Beatrice of Modena 1658-1718

She announced that she was expecting and people were worried that if it were a boy, he would be raised as a Catholic and claim the throne according to the primogeniture.

And it was a boy.

William of Orange was invited to invade England.

James II fled to France.

On the 13th of February 1689, the Parliament asked William and Mary to take the crown as William III and Mary II.

It was therefore the Glorious Revolution.

The English model has persisted since 1689, separating the government from the governor, the kingdom from the king.

And England has been officially Anglican but Parliament would have to grant a toleration to Puritans.