人體消化系統(tǒng)包含大約幾百到幾千種不同的細(xì)菌種類(lèi)，其豐度構(gòu)成因人而異。

其中少數(shù)益生菌乳桿菌屬，即嗜酸乳桿菌、植物乳桿菌、短乳桿菌、乳酸乳桿菌、干酪乳桿菌、保加利亞乳桿菌、發(fā)酵乳桿菌、鼠李糖乳桿菌特異性產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞外蛋白、胞外多糖、細(xì)菌素和脂磷壁酸，通過(guò)與上皮細(xì)胞相互作用影響宿主的健康和生理，增強(qiáng)宿主免疫系統(tǒng)。

在乳桿菌菌種中，植物乳桿菌（L. plantarum）是革蘭氏陽(yáng)性、短桿狀、微需氧、耐酸、不形成孢子、不呼吸、低 G + C 含量、異型發(fā)酵的乳桿菌群，具有一系列作為發(fā)酵劑和防腐劑在食品工業(yè)中的應(yīng)用。

它是一種非孢子形成細(xì)菌，可產(chǎn)生有機(jī)酸，例如乙酸、琥珀酸和乳酸作為主要代謝物。植物乳桿菌在人類(lèi)和其他哺乳動(dòng)物的胃和其他復(fù)雜的膽汁鹽分泌物中的低緩沖能力下生長(zhǎng)。

除了在食品工業(yè)中的應(yīng)用外，腸道微生物植物乳桿菌是一種很有前途的益生菌，可治療腹瀉、高膽固醇和特應(yīng)性皮炎等。它是如何工作的，它還有哪些其他好處？本文帶您了解更多。

什么是植物乳桿菌？

植物乳桿菌是一種分布廣泛、用途廣泛的乳酸菌。它代表了許多食物和飼料的微生物群的一部分，包括乳制品、肉類(lèi)、魚(yú)類(lèi)、蔬菜發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品（例如，葡萄汁、酸菜、泡菜、酸面團(tuán)）和青貯飼料；它也是人和動(dòng)物粘膜（口腔、胃腸道、陰道等）的天然居民。

植物乳桿菌是一種具有抗癌、抗炎、抗肥胖和抗糖尿病特性的抗氧化劑?[ 1 ]?.

植物乳桿菌菌株的微觀形態(tài)圖像

DOI：10.1099/ijs.0.65319-0

植物乳桿菌耐受不同范圍的鹽，尤其是 NaCl 和膽汁鹽，pH 值為 4.0-8.0，溫度為?28-45°C，并且分別在 37°C 和 pH 7.0 的溫度下具有最佳細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)。鑒定出的菌株在上消化道中經(jīng)受了各種生物障礙，例如低 pH 值、裂解酶和膽汁鹽。能夠利用廣泛的糖類(lèi)，尤其單糖和雙糖。此外，淀粉酶和蛋白酶等細(xì)胞外酶的產(chǎn)生對(duì)其有利。

營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值

B族維生素

從生牛奶中分離出的植物乳桿菌能夠產(chǎn)生 B 族維生素核黃素(?B2?) 和葉酸(B9?)?[?2?].

鐵吸收

植物乳桿菌可使健康女性從果汁飲料中吸收的鐵增加約 50%?[?3?].

植物乳桿菌可以使女性對(duì)燕麥中鐵的吸收提高 100% 以上?[?4?].

鈣吸收

含有植物乳桿菌的發(fā)酵乳表現(xiàn)出更高的鈣保留攝取?[?5?].

植物乳桿菌的健康益處

植物乳桿菌是體內(nèi)的短暫居民。它可以輕松抵御胃酸，并可以完成從補(bǔ)充品進(jìn)入口腔，到腸道，到結(jié)腸，到糞便的完整旅程。植物乳桿菌生長(zhǎng)的最佳溫度非常接近體溫。

植物乳桿菌也是一種強(qiáng)大益生菌，可猛烈攻擊體內(nèi)的致病性有害細(xì)菌。通過(guò)殺死壞菌，它幫助我們自己的本地細(xì)菌變得更強(qiáng)壯，并幫助我們?nèi)梭w更能抵抗外來(lái)病原體的入侵。

除了作為增強(qiáng)免疫系統(tǒng)的重要方式之外，人類(lèi)在所有有記錄的人類(lèi)歷史中都食用了大量的植物乳桿菌。

該菌株用于許多食品中，例如：

酵母面包；酸菜；泡菜；發(fā)酵食物

注意

植物乳桿菌益生菌補(bǔ)充劑尚未獲得國(guó)家藥監(jiān)局和FDA的醫(yī)療用途批準(zhǔn)，可能缺乏可靠的臨床研究。為防止罕見(jiàn)的副作用，請(qǐng)?jiān)谑褂靡嫔白稍?xún)權(quán)威的醫(yī)療建議。

可能有效

1) 腹瀉

乳酸菌益生菌在改善與各種疾病相關(guān)的腹瀉方面表現(xiàn)出很大的希望，包括旅行者腹瀉和抗生素相關(guān)性腹瀉?[?6、7?]?.

在一項(xiàng)針對(duì) 438 名患有抗生素相關(guān)性腹瀉的兒童的臨床試驗(yàn)中，植物乳桿菌益生菌減少了稀便或水樣便和腹痛的發(fā)生率，而且沒(méi)有產(chǎn)生不良副作用?[?7?].

2) 皮膚健康

在臨床試驗(yàn)中，植物乳桿菌顯著增加了面部和手部的皮膚水分含量。益生菌組志愿者在第 12 周時(shí)皺紋深度明顯減少，皮膚光澤度在第 12 周時(shí)也有顯著改善。益生菌組的皮膚彈性在4 周后改善了 13.17%，在 12 周后改善了 21.73%?[?8?]?.

當(dāng)作為益生菌服用時(shí)，植物乳桿菌改善皮膚水合作用，對(duì)人體皮膚具有抗光老化作用[?9、10?]?.

植物乳桿菌抑制膠原蛋白的降解并促進(jìn)其合成，減少活性氧 (?ROS?)?的產(chǎn)生?[?11?]?.?

在無(wú)毛小鼠中，植物乳桿菌降低了 UVB 誘導(dǎo)的表皮厚度，抑制了水分流失并增加了神經(jīng)酰胺水平?[?12?,?13?] .

特應(yīng)性皮炎

每天攝入含有熱滅活植物乳桿菌的柑橘汁可減輕人類(lèi)特應(yīng)性皮炎的癥狀[?14?]?.

從泡菜中分離出的植物乳桿菌改善小鼠特應(yīng)性皮炎[?15?]?.

3) 潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎

在多項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)中，乳酸菌益生菌已顯示出減輕潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎癥狀的希望。含有植物乳桿菌的合生元混合物在8周后顯著改善了 73 名患者的?UC 癥狀?[?16、17?]?.

4) 膽固醇

在許多臨床試驗(yàn)中，乳酸菌益生菌降低了膽固醇。在一項(xiàng)針對(duì) 60 名高膽固醇志愿者的研究中，含有植物乳桿菌的益生菌在 12 周后將總膽固醇降低了?13.6%?[?18?] .

在患有糖尿病的大鼠中，植物乳桿菌降低血液甘油三酯和“壞”低密度脂蛋白膽固醇的比率，同時(shí)增加“好”高密度脂蛋白膽固醇的水平?[?19?]?.

攝入植物乳桿菌后，膽固醇升高的小鼠的總血清膽固醇和甘油三酯顯著降低?[?20?]?.

雙涂層植物乳桿菌可降低高脂肪飲食小鼠的膽固醇水平?[?21?] .

證據(jù)不足

研究人員目前正在調(diào)查植物乳桿菌是否具有其他健康益處。本節(jié)中的潛在益處至少在一項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)中產(chǎn)生了積極的結(jié)果，但這些研究規(guī)模小、相互矛盾或存在其他局限性。出于任何原因補(bǔ)充植物乳桿菌之前，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎。

5) 肥胖

輔以含有植物乳桿菌的富含益生菌的奶酪的低熱量飲食降低了患有肥胖癥和高血壓的俄羅斯成年人的 BMI 和血壓[?22?].

植物乳桿菌還保護(hù)小鼠免受飲食引起的肥胖。這種細(xì)菌可降低肥胖小鼠的體重、脂肪量、空腹血糖、血清胰島素、瘦素水平和促炎標(biāo)志物?[?23、24、25?]?.

植物乳桿菌發(fā)酵大麥逆轉(zhuǎn)了高脂肪飲食大鼠的葡萄糖耐受不良，改善了升高的胰島素，降低了甘油三酯和總膽固醇水平?[?26?].

植物乳桿菌通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(?ALT?)、γ-谷氨酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶 (?GGT?)、血漿甘油三酯、總膽固醇濃度、肌酐、尿素和體重的降低，來(lái)改善肥胖大鼠的肝功能和泌尿功能?[?27?].

6) 血糖

植物乳桿菌降低了絕經(jīng)后婦女的血糖水平[?22?].

含有植物乳桿菌的豆?jié){具有抗氧化特性，可減少?2 型糖尿病患者的?DNA 損傷[?22?].

植物乳桿菌降低小鼠的食物攝入量、血糖水平、糖化血紅蛋白水平和瘦素水平。這種細(xì)菌還有利于調(diào)節(jié)胰島素水平并增加“好”(HDL) 膽固醇?[?28?].

植物乳桿菌導(dǎo)致高脂肪飲食小鼠對(duì)胰島素的血糖水平顯著降低?[?29?].

用植物乳桿菌治療可有效調(diào)節(jié)糖尿病大鼠的血糖、激素和脂質(zhì)代謝?[?30?].

植物乳桿菌顯著改善糖尿病大鼠的免疫學(xué)參數(shù)并保護(hù)胰腺組織。此外，這種益生菌治療顯著降低了胰腺和血漿脂肪酶活性以及血清甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇率，并增加了高密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平。它還對(duì)肝腎功能發(fā)揮有效的保護(hù)作用?[?19?]?.

7) 傷口愈合

在一項(xiàng)針對(duì) 34 名腿部潰瘍患者的小型臨床研究中，局部應(yīng)用植物乳桿菌減少了糖尿病和非糖尿病患者的感染性慢性靜脈潰瘍傷口細(xì)菌負(fù)荷、中性粒細(xì)胞、凋亡和壞死細(xì)胞，并誘導(dǎo)傷口愈合[?31?].?

8) 牙齒健康

熱滅活的植物乳桿菌減少了接受牙周支持治療的患者的牙周袋深度?[?32?].?

9) 免疫力

在一項(xiàng)對(duì) 171 名成年人進(jìn)行的臨床研究中，植物乳桿菌提高了免疫活性并降低了應(yīng)激標(biāo)記物?[?33?].

即使是熱滅活的植物乳桿菌也會(huì)激活人類(lèi)的先天性和獲得性免疫力?[?32?].

植物乳桿菌增強(qiáng)免疫抑制小鼠小腸的免疫力[?34?].

抗病毒

在感染單純皰疹病毒 1 型 (HSV-1) 的小鼠中，口服植物乳桿菌顯著延緩了感染早期皮膚損傷的發(fā)展，并減少了大腦中的病毒數(shù)量?[?35?].

同樣在小鼠中，從發(fā)酵的韓國(guó)卷心菜中分離出的植物乳桿菌賦予了 100% 的保護(hù)作用，防止致命的甲型流感病毒感染，防止顯著的體重減輕并降低肺部病毒載量?[?36?].

10) 過(guò)敏

在一項(xiàng)針對(duì) 42 名成年人的臨床研究中，植物乳桿菌發(fā)酵的柑橘汁改善了日本柳杉花粉癥的癥狀[?37?].

在一項(xiàng)細(xì)胞研究中，植物乳桿菌降低了大豆粉的過(guò)敏性?[?38?].

口服植物乳桿菌可減輕小鼠的氣道高反應(yīng)性和過(guò)敏反應(yīng)?[?39?].

11) 念珠菌病

在外陰陰道念珠菌病 (VVC) 患者中，植物乳桿菌減少了常規(guī)治療后的陰道不適，并改善了陰道細(xì)菌含量和陰道 pH 值?[?40?].

在一項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)中，使用植物乳桿菌可使外陰陰道念珠菌病復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低三倍?[?41?].

植物乳桿菌還在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中殺死念珠菌?[?42?].

動(dòng)物和細(xì)胞研究（缺乏證據(jù)）

沒(méi)有臨床證據(jù)支持將植物乳桿菌用于本節(jié)所列的任何病癥。以下是對(duì)現(xiàn)有動(dòng)物和細(xì)胞研究的總結(jié)，應(yīng)指導(dǎo)進(jìn)一步的研究工作。但是，不應(yīng)將下列研究解釋為支持任何健康益處。

12) 排毒

植物乳桿菌在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中減輕鎘?(Cd) 在人類(lèi)腸道細(xì)胞和小鼠中誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒性[?43、44?].?

植物乳桿菌通過(guò)減少腸道鋁吸收和組織積累，改善肝損傷、腎臟和大腦氧化應(yīng)激，從而防止小鼠受到鋁中毒[?45?].

用植物乳桿菌處理可通過(guò)增加銅排泄和減少銅在組織中的積累來(lái)減輕銅毒性。植物乳桿菌還逆轉(zhuǎn)了銅暴露引起的氧化應(yīng)激，恢復(fù)了 ALT 和AST血液水平并改善了小鼠的空間記憶?[?46?].?

13) 血管性癡呆

植物乳桿菌發(fā)酵豆?jié){提取物可作為降血壓劑和神經(jīng)保護(hù)劑，改善血管性癡呆大鼠的學(xué)習(xí)和記憶?[?47?].

14) 焦慮

長(zhǎng)期攝入植物乳桿菌可增加運(yùn)動(dòng)活性、多巴胺和血清素水平，同時(shí)減少小鼠的焦慮樣行為。它還減少了抑郁樣行為和炎性細(xì)胞因子水平，并增加了遭受早期生活壓力的小鼠血清中的抗炎細(xì)胞因子水平[?48、49?].

15) 心血管健康

血壓

植物乳桿菌發(fā)酵豆?jié){提取物可作為大鼠的降血壓劑?[?47?].

同樣在大鼠中，用植物乳桿菌發(fā)酵的藍(lán)莓降低了血壓并改善了可能指示心血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的標(biāo)志物?[?50?].

動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化

來(lái)自植物乳桿菌的脂磷壁酸 (LTA)可抑制小鼠促炎細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生，并抑制動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊炎癥?[?51?].

16) 炎癥

植物乳桿菌顯著降低小鼠和大鼠促炎細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生?[?52?,?53?]. 它還減輕了氧化應(yīng)激和腎上腺素水平?[?52?].

17) 肝臟健康

用植物乳桿菌治療大鼠阻塞性黃疸可恢復(fù)活躍的肝屏障功能?[?54?].

植物乳桿菌可保護(hù)小鼠免受氧化應(yīng)激和肝臟炎癥損傷?[?55?].

植物乳桿菌減輕了高脂血癥小鼠的肝損傷[?56?].

補(bǔ)充植物乳桿菌 5 周可恢復(fù)患有非酒精性脂肪性肝病 (NAFLD) 大鼠的肝功能，并降低肝臟中的脂肪堆積水平。此外，該細(xì)菌顯著減少了促炎細(xì)胞因子?[?53?].

18) 腸道健康

植物乳桿菌減少腸上皮細(xì)胞的炎癥?[?57?].

攝入植物乳桿菌可以抵消腸道中不需要的細(xì)菌?[?3?].

植物乳桿菌增強(qiáng)了洛哌丁胺誘導(dǎo)的便秘小鼠的胃腸道轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[?58?].

潰瘍

口服植物乳桿菌可通過(guò)抗炎和免疫調(diào)節(jié)活性改善小鼠的潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎?[?59?].

腸易激綜合癥

植物乳桿菌可減少腸易激綜合征患者的脹氣問(wèn)題和疼痛?[?60?].

幽門(mén)螺桿菌感染

植物乳桿菌可預(yù)防小鼠幽門(mén)螺桿菌感染引起的胃粘膜炎癥和胃微生物群改變[?61?].

植物乳桿菌延緩幽門(mén)螺桿菌在大鼠胃中的定植，減輕胃炎癥并改善胃組織病理學(xué)?[?62?].

19) 嬰兒成長(zhǎng)

植物乳桿菌菌株在慢性營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良期間維持幼鼠的生長(zhǎng)?[?63?].

20) 身體耐力

植物乳桿菌顯著降低小鼠的體重并增加相對(duì)肌肉重量、握力和耐力游泳時(shí)間?[?64?].

21) 女性生育能力

植物乳桿菌改善了小鼠炎癥誘導(dǎo)的不孕癥?[?65?].

植物乳桿菌增強(qiáng)了自然微生物群落，并導(dǎo)致感染大腸桿菌的小鼠的生育能力恢復(fù)[?66?].

22) 組胺不耐受

植物乳桿菌可以在實(shí)驗(yàn)室環(huán)境中降解生物胺。在組胺不耐受的人群中可能值得研究?[?67?].

癌癥研究

植物乳桿菌增強(qiáng)了腸腺癌小鼠的抗腫瘤免疫反應(yīng)并延緩了腫瘤形成?[?68?].

長(zhǎng)期服用植物乳桿菌可預(yù)防大鼠患乳腺癌?[?69、70?].

植物乳桿菌抑制大鼠結(jié)腸癌發(fā)生的發(fā)展?[?71?].

納米尺寸的植物乳桿菌還在小鼠中表現(xiàn)出抗結(jié)直腸癌活性?[?72?].

植物乳桿菌顯著抑制肝癌細(xì)胞、胃癌細(xì)胞和結(jié)直腸腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖[?73?].

這些影響尚未在人類(lèi)受試者中進(jìn)行過(guò)研究。

安全性

在大鼠身上沒(méi)有觀察到任何類(lèi)型的不良反應(yīng)，即使在大量食用后也是如此。然而，與其他益生菌一樣，在器官衰竭、免疫功能低下和腸道屏障機(jī)制功能失調(diào)的患者中使用可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致感染?[?74?].

為了避免不良事件，請(qǐng)?jiān)谑褂靡嫔白稍?xún)醫(yī)生。

副作用

盡管這種情況可能很少見(jiàn)，但如果出現(xiàn)以下任何可能與非常嚴(yán)重的副作用相關(guān)的體征或癥狀，請(qǐng)立即尋求醫(yī)療幫助：

• 過(guò)敏反應(yīng)的跡象，如：皮疹；麻疹;?瘙癢;?

• 伴有或不伴有發(fā)燒的紅色、腫脹、起泡或脫皮的皮膚；

• 喘息;?胸部或喉嚨發(fā)緊；

• 呼吸、吞咽或說(shuō)話困難；

• 不尋常的聲音嘶啞;?口腔、面部、嘴唇、舌頭或喉嚨腫脹。

• 感到頭暈、疲倦或虛弱；

• 胃部不適或嘔吐；

• ...

參考文獻(xiàn)

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