2006年考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解第三篇重點(diǎn)單詞匯總

2006年考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解第三篇重點(diǎn)單詞匯總
When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange?happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct.?Smaller species survived.?The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction.?Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.
當(dāng)史前人類到達(dá)世界的新區(qū)域時(shí),大型動(dòng)物身上發(fā)生一些奇怪的事情:他們突然間滅絕了。小型的物種存活下來(lái)。小型的物種存活下來(lái)。體型龐大、生長(zhǎng)緩慢的動(dòng)物易于捕捉,而且很快被捕殺至滅絕?,F(xiàn)在,相同的事情可能正在海洋中發(fā)生。
That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.?What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing.?They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world.?Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time.?According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation.?In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.
多年來(lái),海洋一直在被過(guò)度捕撈,這是眾所周知的。諸如Ransom Myers和Boris Worm等的專家的研究?jī)H僅表明事情正以多快的速度發(fā)生變化。他們已經(jīng)研究了全世界的漁場(chǎng)半個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)的數(shù)據(jù)。他們的方法不是去嘗試評(píng)估海洋特定區(qū)域內(nèi)魚(yú)類的實(shí)際生物量(活體生物的數(shù)量),而是評(píng)估生物量隨著時(shí)間的變化情況。根據(jù)他們?cè)凇蹲匀弧冯s志上發(fā)表的最新的論文,一個(gè)新漁場(chǎng)的大型捕食者(它們殺死并吃掉其它動(dòng)物)的生物總量在開(kāi)始開(kāi)發(fā)的15年內(nèi)平均減少了80%。從那時(shí)以來(lái),在一些長(zhǎng)期捕撈的區(qū)域內(nèi),這個(gè)數(shù)字又減了一半。
Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative.?One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved.?Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago.?That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.?In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish.?Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since?no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.?Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked.That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.
Dr. Worm承認(rèn)這些都還只是保守?cái)?shù)字。這個(gè)原因之一是捕魚(yú)技術(shù)已經(jīng)得到了改進(jìn)。今天的漁船可以利用衛(wèi)星和聲納來(lái)尋找獵物,這些在50年前是沒(méi)有的。這意味著海洋內(nèi)有更高比例的生物正在被捕撈,所以現(xiàn)在和過(guò)去的真正差別可能要比用捕撈規(guī)模的變化所記錄的要更糟。早期,多鉤長(zhǎng)線上本可以掛滿更多的魚(yú)。因?yàn)闆](méi)有可用的餌鉤來(lái)釣魚(yú),因而一些個(gè)別的魚(yú)沒(méi)有被捕獲到,這導(dǎo)致過(guò)去人們低估了魚(yú)類的數(shù)量。而且,在早期使用多鉤長(zhǎng)線捕魚(yú)的日子里,有許多魚(yú)在上鉤后又被鯊魚(yú)吃掉了。這已經(jīng)再也不是個(gè)問(wèn)題,因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在附近的鯊魚(yú)很少了。
Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account.?They believe the data?support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline".?The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.?That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels.?Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do?business.
Dr. Myers和Dr. Worm認(rèn)為,他們的研究給出了一個(gè)正確的基準(zhǔn)線,它是未來(lái)管理工作必須加以考慮的事情。他們認(rèn)為這些數(shù)據(jù)支持了海洋生物學(xué)家中流傳的“基線移動(dòng)”的觀點(diǎn)。這種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,人們還沒(méi)發(fā)現(xiàn)海洋中所發(fā)生的巨大變化,因?yàn)樗麄冎皇腔仡櫫诉^(guò)去相對(duì)短暫的一段時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的情況。這一點(diǎn)很重要,因?yàn)槔碚摫砻鳟?dāng)一種目標(biāo)物種的生物量大約達(dá)到原來(lái)水平的50%時(shí),一個(gè)漁場(chǎng)才可以收獲最大的持續(xù)捕獲量。大多數(shù)漁場(chǎng)遠(yuǎn)低于那個(gè)水平,這樣可不是經(jīng)商之道。
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prehistoric ?adj. 史前的;陳舊的
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arrive ?v. 到達(dá),送達(dá);降臨,發(fā)生;作出(決定);降生;獲得成功
過(guò)去分詞:arrived
現(xiàn)在分詞:arriving
過(guò)去式:arrived
第三人稱單數(shù):arrives
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part ?n. 部分;零件;角色;成員;部位;區(qū)域;集;參與;聲部;等份;分縫
v. 離開(kāi);分離;解散;梳成分頭
adv. 部分地
過(guò)去分詞:parted
現(xiàn)在分詞:parting
過(guò)去式:parted
復(fù)數(shù):parts
第三人稱單數(shù):parts
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strange ?adj. 奇怪的;陌生的
名詞:strangeness
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sudden ?adj. 突然的
名詞:suddenness
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suddenly ?adv. 意外地,忽然地;出乎意料;霍然
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extinct ?adj. 滅絕的;廢除了的;(火山)死的
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smaller ?adj. 更小的;小的( small的比較級(jí) );小氣的;(服裝、食品、家用設(shè)施等)小號(hào)的;小規(guī)模的
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specie ?n. 硬幣;鑄幣
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survive ?v. 生存,存活;幸存;艱難度過(guò);比…活得久
過(guò)去分詞:survived
現(xiàn)在分詞:surviving
過(guò)去式:survived
第三人稱單數(shù):survives
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hunt ?v. 搜尋;追蹤;打獵;獵狐
n. 搜尋;打獵;(英國(guó)的)獵狐隊(duì)伍/行動(dòng)
過(guò)去分詞:hunted
現(xiàn)在分詞:hunting
過(guò)去式:hunted
復(fù)數(shù):hunts
第三人稱單數(shù):hunts
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extinction ?n. ?滅絕,消亡
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similar ?adj. 類似的
比較級(jí):more similar
最高級(jí):most similar
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overfish ?vt. 對(duì)(魚(yú)、漁場(chǎng))捕撈過(guò)度
過(guò)去分詞:overfished
現(xiàn)在分詞:overfishing
過(guò)去式:overfished
第三人稱單數(shù):overfishes
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shown ?v. 給…看( show的過(guò)去分詞 );表現(xiàn)出;顯露出;上演
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data ?n. 數(shù)據(jù);資料
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fishery ?n. 漁業(yè),水產(chǎn)業(yè);漁場(chǎng);水產(chǎn)公司;捕魚(yú)權(quán)
復(fù)數(shù):fisheries
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method ?n. 方法;有條不紊
復(fù)數(shù):methods
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attempt ?v. 努力,嘗試,企圖
n. 努力,嘗試,(殺人)企圖
過(guò)去分詞:attempted
現(xiàn)在分詞:attempting
過(guò)去式:attempted
復(fù)數(shù):attempts
第三人稱單數(shù):attempts
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estimate ?n. 估計(jì),預(yù)測(cè);報(bào)價(jià),預(yù)算書(shū);評(píng)價(jià),判斷
vt. 估計(jì),估算;評(píng)價(jià),評(píng)論;估量,估價(jià)
過(guò)去分詞:estimated
現(xiàn)在分詞:estimating
過(guò)去式:estimated
復(fù)數(shù):estimates
第三人稱單數(shù):estimates
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actual ?adj. 真實(shí)的,實(shí)際的;真正的
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biomass ?n. (單位面積或體積內(nèi))生物的數(shù)量
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amount ?n. 金額;數(shù)量,數(shù)額;程度
v. 共計(jì)
復(fù)數(shù):amounts
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biological ?adj. 生物(學(xué))的;親生的;(洗衣粉)含酶的
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particular ?adj. 特定的;特殊的;格外的;挑剔的
n. 細(xì)節(jié);詳細(xì)資料
復(fù)數(shù):particulars
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accord ?n. 協(xié)議,條約
v. 給予(某種待遇);符合,與…一致
過(guò)去分詞:accorded
現(xiàn)在分詞:according
過(guò)去式:accorded
第三人稱單數(shù):accords
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publish ?n. 協(xié)議,條約
v. 給予(某種待遇);符合,與…一致
過(guò)去分詞:accorded
現(xiàn)在分詞:according
過(guò)去式:accorded
第三人稱單數(shù):accords
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predator ?n. 捕食者;掠奪者;捕食其他動(dòng)物的動(dòng)物,食肉動(dòng)物;弱肉強(qiáng)食的人(或機(jī)構(gòu))
復(fù)數(shù):predators
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reduce ?v. 減少,縮??;使變成;節(jié)食;使不得不;使淪為(不好境地);(使)濃縮
過(guò)去分詞:reduced
現(xiàn)在分詞:reducing
過(guò)去式:reduced
第三人稱單數(shù):reduces
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average ?adj. 平均的;正常的,一般的
n. 平均數(shù);平均水平
v. 平均為;算出…的平均數(shù)
副詞:averagely
過(guò)去分詞:averaged
現(xiàn)在分詞:averaging
過(guò)去式:averaged
復(fù)數(shù):averages
第三人稱單數(shù):averages
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exploitation ?n. 開(kāi)發(fā);利用;剝削
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halve ?vt. 把…分成兩半;把…減半;對(duì)分;平攤
過(guò)去分詞:halved
現(xiàn)在分詞:halving
過(guò)去式:halved
第三人稱單數(shù):halves
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figure ?n. 數(shù)字;位數(shù);人影;雕像;體形;知名人士;形象;圖,表;幾何圖形;金額;冰上花樣
v. 認(rèn)為;計(jì)算;出現(xiàn)
過(guò)去分詞:figured
現(xiàn)在分詞:figuring
過(guò)去式:figured
復(fù)數(shù):figures
第三人稱單數(shù):figures
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conservative ?adj. 保守的;(支持)保守黨的
n. 保守者;保守黨(支持者)
副詞:conservatively
比較級(jí):more conservative
最高級(jí):most conservative
復(fù)數(shù):conservatives
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technology ?n. 科技;技術(shù)性機(jī)器
形容詞:technological
副詞:technologically
復(fù)數(shù):technologies
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improve ?v. 改進(jìn);提高;康復(fù);超過(guò)
過(guò)去分詞:improved
現(xiàn)在分詞:improving
過(guò)去式:improved
第三人稱單數(shù):improves
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vessel ?n. 容器;船,飛船;血管,管束;…的化身
復(fù)數(shù):vessels
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satellite ?n. 衛(wèi)星;人造衛(wèi)星;衛(wèi)星國(guó);衛(wèi)星區(qū)
復(fù)數(shù):satellites
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sonar ?n. 聲吶裝置,聲吶系統(tǒng);聲吶兵
復(fù)數(shù):sonars
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available ?adj. 可用的,可獲得的;有空的
名詞:availability
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proportion ?n. 部分,份額;比例;重要性;均衡
v. 使相稱;使成比例
復(fù)數(shù):proportions
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difference ?n. 差別,差額;變化;分歧
復(fù)數(shù):differences
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present ?adj. 現(xiàn)在的,目前的;現(xiàn)在時(shí)的;出席的,在場(chǎng)的;包含于…的
n. 現(xiàn)在;禮物
過(guò)去分詞:presented
現(xiàn)在分詞:presenting
過(guò)去式:presented
復(fù)數(shù):presents
第三人稱單數(shù):presents
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record ?n. 記錄,記載;唱片;(體育運(yùn)動(dòng)或活動(dòng)的)紀(jì)錄;履歷;案底
v. 記錄;記載;錄制;標(biāo)明,顯示
adj. 創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的
過(guò)去分詞:recorded
現(xiàn)在分詞:recording
過(guò)去式:recorded
復(fù)數(shù):records
第三人稱單數(shù):records
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size ?n. 大小,尺寸;規(guī)模;膠料,漿糊;巨大,大量;尺碼
vt. 按大小排列;改變…的大??;上膠料,上漿;上涂料
過(guò)去分詞:sized
現(xiàn)在分詞:sizing
過(guò)去式:sized
復(fù)數(shù):sizes
第三人稱單數(shù):sizes
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longline ?n. 多鉤長(zhǎng)線
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saturate ?v. (使)濕透,浸透;使充滿,使飽和
過(guò)去分詞:saturated
現(xiàn)在分詞:saturating
過(guò)去式:saturated
第三人稱單數(shù):saturates
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individual ?adj. 單獨(dú)的;個(gè)人的;獨(dú)特的
n. 個(gè)人;某種類型的人
復(fù)數(shù):individuals
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therefore ?adv. 因此
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lead ?v. 在…前面走;引路;連通;通至;領(lǐng)先;領(lǐng)導(dǎo);導(dǎo)致;使得;引導(dǎo);過(guò)(某種生活)引出;開(kāi)牌
n. 領(lǐng)先的地位;超前量;榜樣;線索;主角;狗繩;導(dǎo)線;鉛;鉛筆芯;子彈
過(guò)去分詞:led
現(xiàn)在分詞:leading
過(guò)去式:led
復(fù)數(shù):leads
第三人稱單數(shù):leads
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underestimate ?vt. 低估;對(duì)…估計(jì)不足;看輕;把…的價(jià)值估計(jì)過(guò)低
n. 低估;估計(jì)不足;過(guò)低評(píng)價(jià),過(guò)低估價(jià);輕視
過(guò)去分詞:underestimated
現(xiàn)在分詞:underestimating
過(guò)去式:underestimated
第三人稱單數(shù):underestimates
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stock ?n. 股份,股票;庫(kù)存;樹(shù)干;家畜
adj. 常備的,存貨的;陳舊的
vt. 提供貨物;備有
vi. 出新芽;囤積
過(guò)去分詞:stocked
現(xiàn)在分詞:stocking
過(guò)去式:stocked
復(fù)數(shù):stocks
第三人稱單數(shù):stocks
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furthermore ?adv. 此外;而且;與此同時(shí);再者
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shark ?n. 鯊魚(yú);坑蒙拐騙的人,詐騙者;[俚]老手
復(fù)數(shù):sharks
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correct ?adj. 正確的;恰當(dāng)?shù)?;符合公認(rèn)準(zhǔn)則的;得體的
v. 改正,糾正;批改,修改;指出錯(cuò)誤
副詞:correctly
過(guò)去分詞:corrected
現(xiàn)在分詞:correcting
名詞:correctness
過(guò)去式:corrected
第三人稱單數(shù):corrects
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baseline ?n. (網(wǎng)球場(chǎng)的)底線;(棒球場(chǎng)的)壘線;基線;零位線
復(fù)數(shù):baselines
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effort ?n. 努力;吃力;有組織的行動(dòng);費(fèi)力的事
復(fù)數(shù):efforts
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current ?adj. 當(dāng)前的;流通的
n. (河、湖或海的)水流;電流;趨向
復(fù)數(shù):currents
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marine ?adj. 海洋的;海產(chǎn)的;海軍的;海船的
n. 海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)士兵
復(fù)數(shù):marines
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relative ?n. 親戚;同類事物
adj. 相對(duì)的;比較的;相比之下存在;關(guān)于;指代前面句子(的一部分)
復(fù)數(shù):relatives
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maximum ?adj. 最高的;極大的
adv. 最多
n. 最大量
復(fù)數(shù):maxima
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sustain ?vt. 維持;支撐,支持;遭受,忍受;供養(yǎng)
過(guò)去分詞:sustained
現(xiàn)在分詞:sustaining
過(guò)去式:sustained
第三人稱單數(shù):sustains
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yield ?v. 產(chǎn)生;屈服,讓步;放棄;讓路
n. 收益;產(chǎn)量
過(guò)去分詞:yielded
現(xiàn)在分詞:yielding
過(guò)去式:yielded
復(fù)數(shù):yields
第三人稱單數(shù):yields
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crop ?n. 莊稼,作物;收成;一群,一些;短發(fā)
v. 有收成;收割;啃吃(草等);剪短,剪裁
過(guò)去分詞:cropped
現(xiàn)在分詞:cropping
過(guò)去式:cropped
復(fù)數(shù):crops
第三人稱單數(shù):crops
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target ?n. 目標(biāo);對(duì)象;靶子
v. 以…為攻擊目標(biāo);瞄準(zhǔn),面向
過(guò)去分詞:targeted;targetted
現(xiàn)在分詞:targetting;targeting
過(guò)去式:targeted;targetted
復(fù)數(shù):targets
第三人稱單數(shù):targets
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original ?adj. 最初的;獨(dú)創(chuàng)的;原作的
n. 原件,原稿;獨(dú)特的人
復(fù)數(shù):originals
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